Burj al-Arab
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
| Burj al-Arab The Arabian Tower |
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 The Burj al-Arab is the world's tallest hotel. |
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| Information | |
|---|---|
| Location | Dubai, U.A.E. |
| Status | Complete |
| Constructed | 1994-1999 |
| Use | Hotel, Restaurant |
| Height | |
| Antenna/Spire | 321 m (1053 ft.) |
| Floor count | 60 |
| Companies | |
| Architect | Atkins Middle East |
The Burj al-Arab (Arabic: برج العرب, "Tower of the Arabs") is a luxury hotel in Dubai, the second largest city of the United Arab Emirates, and was briefly marketed as "the world's first seven-star hotel". It was designed by Tom Wright of WS Atkins PLC. At 321 metres (1,053 ft), it is the tallest building used exclusively as a hotel.[1] It stands on an artificial island 280 metres (919 ft) out from Jumeirah beach, and is connected to the mainland by a private curving bridge. It is an iconic structure, designed to symbolize Dubai's urban transformation and to mimic the shape of an Arab dhow.[citations needed]
Contents |
[edit] Construction
Construction of Burj al-Arab began in 1994. It was built to resemble the sail of a dhow, a type of Arabian vessel. Two "wings" spread in a V to form a vast "mast", while the space between them is enclosed in a massive atrium. Said architect Tom Wright, "The client wanted a building that would become an iconic or symbolic statement for Dubai; this is very similar to Sydney with its Opera House, or Paris with the Eiffel Tower. It needed to be a building that would become synonymous with the name of the country."[citations needed]
Several features of the hotel required complex engineering feats to achieve. The hotel rests on an artificial island constructed 280 meters offshore. To secure a foundation, the builders drove 230 40-meter long concrete piles into the sand. The foundation is held in place not by bedrock, but by the friction of the sand and silt along the length of the piles.[2]
Engineers created a surface layer of large rocks, which is circled with a concrete honey-comb pattern, which serves to protect the foundation from erosion. It took three years to reclaim the land from the sea, and less than three years to construct the building itself. The building contains over 70,000 cubic meters of concrete and 9,000 tons of steel.[3]
Inside the building, the atrium is 180 meters (590 feet) tall. During the construction phase, to lower the interior temperature, the building was cooled by half-degree increments over a period of three to six months. This was to prevent large amounts of "condensation or in fact even a rain cloud from forming in the hotel during the period of construction." This task was accomplished by several cold air nozzles, which point down from the top of the ceiling, and blast a 1 meter cold air pocket down the inside of the sail. This creates a buffer zone, which controls the interior temperature without massive energy costs.[citations needed]
The hotel cost $650 million to build.[4]
Burj al-Arab characterizes itself as a "7-star" property, a designation considered by travel professionals to be hyperbole. All major travel guides and hotel rating systems have a 5-star maximum, which some hotels attempt to out-do by ascribing themselves "6-star" status. According to the hotel's official site, the Burj al Arab is a "5-star deluxe hotel".
[edit] Architecture
The architect and engineering consultant for the project was Atkins, the UK's largest multidisciplinary consultancy. The hotel was built by South African construction contractor Murray & Roberts.[5]
[edit] Exterior
The building design features a steel exoskeleton wrapped around a reinforced concrete tower. Notably the building is shaped like the sail of a dhow, with two "wings" spread in a V to form a vast "mast".
The space between the wings is enclosed by a Teflon-coated fibreglass sail, curving across the front of the building and creating an atrium inside. The sail is made of a material called Dyneon, spanning over 161,000 square feet, consists of two-layers, and is divided into twelve panels and installed vertically. The fabric is coated with DuPont Teflon to protect it from harsh desert heat, wind, and dirt; as a result, "the fabricators estimate that it will hold up for up to 50 years."[6]
During the day, the white fabric allows a soft, milky light inside the hotel, whereas a clear glass front would produce blinding amounts of glare and a constantly increasing temperature. At night, both inside and outside, the fabric is lit by color-changing lights. During the period of mourning following the death of Sheikh Maktoum bin Rashid Al Maktoum in January 2006, the light show and some water features were turned off.
It is the world's tallest structure with a membrane façade and the world's tallest hotel (not including buildings with mixed use) and was the first 5-star hotel to surpass 1000 ft (305 m) in height.
There was a considerable controversy regarding the claim that the structure looks like a huge Christian cross when viewed while sailing into city. Some locals claim that this was an intentional move on the part of the British architects. This issue is more ironic when one considers that the Tower of the Arabs is widely considered to be Dubai’s most important landmark.
Near the top of the building is a suspended helipad supported by a cantilever. The helipad has featured some of the hotel's notable publicity events. Irish singer Ronan Keating shot his music video Iris on the helipad. In March 2004, professional golfer Tiger Woods hit several golf balls from the helipad into the Persian Gulf, while in February 2005, professional tennis players Roger Federer and Andre Agassi played an unranked game on the helipad, which was temporarily converted into a grass tennis court, at a height of 211 meters. The helipad has no borders or fences on the edges and if a player hit a winner the tennis balls would plunge down to the ground.[7][8]
[edit] Interior
The interior was designed by Khuan Chew, Design Principal of KCA International. Other projects by Khuan Chew include, the Sultan of Brunei's Palace, Dubai International Airport, Jumeirah Beach Resort Development, Madinat Resort and much more.
The Burj al-Arab features the tallest atrium lobby in the world, at 180 meters (590 feet). The atrium is formed between the building's V-shaped span. The atrium dominates the interior of the hotel, and takes up over one-third of interior space. It can accommodate the Dubai World Trade Center building, which, at 38 stories, was the tallest building in Dubai from the late 1970s to the mid-1990s.
While the exterior of the Burj al Arab is expressed in terms of ultra-modern sculptural design, the interior guest space is a compilation of lavish and luxurious architectural styles from both the east and the west. The hotel boasts 8,000 square meters of 22-carat gold leaf and 24,000 square meters of 30 different types of marble.
In the mezzanine lobby, a fountain creates a "three-dimensional Islamic star pattern."[9] Pointed arches throughout, found in one of the hotel’s three restaurants, corridors between guest rooms, and at the top of the atrium recall a classic Arabian architectural design form.
[edit] Rooms and prices
Despite its size, the Burj al-Arab holds only 28 double-storey floors which accommodate 202 bedroom suites. The smallest suite occupies an area of 169 square meters (1,819 square feet), the largest covers 780 square meters (8,396 square feet). It is one of the most expensive hotels in the world to stay in. The cost of staying in a suite begins at $1,000 per night and increases to over $15,000 per night; the Royal Suite is the most expensive, at $28,000 per night.[10]
Suites feature design details that juxtapose east and west. White Tuscan columns and a spiral staircase covered in marble with a wrought-iron gold leaf railing show influence from classicism and art nouveau. Spa-like bathrooms are accented by mosaic tile patterns on the floors and walls, with Arabian-influenced geometries, which are also found elsewhere in the building.
[edit] Restaurants
One of its restaurants, Al Muntaha (Arabic meaning "Highest" or "Ultimate"), is located 200 meters above the Persian Gulf, offering a view of Dubai. It is supported by a full cantilever that extends 27 meters from either side of the mast, and is accessed by a panoramic elevator.
Another restaurant, the Al Mahara (Arabic "The Oyster"), which is accessed via a simulated submarine voyage, features a large seawater aquarium, holding roughly 35,000 cubic feet (over one million liters) of water. The tank, made of acrylic glass in order to reduce the magnification effect, is about 18 cm (7.5 inches) thick. The restaurant was also voted among the top ten best restaurants of the world by Condé Nast Traveler.
[edit] Reviews by architecture critics
The Burj al Arab has attracted criticism as well as praise, described as “a contradiction of sorts, considering how well-designed and impressive the construction ultimately proves to be.”[11] The contradiction here seems to be related to the hotel’s extreme opulence. “This extraordinary investment in state-of-the-art construction technology stretches the limits of the ambitious urban imagination in an exercise that is largely due to the power of excessive wealth.” Another critic includes the city of Dubai as well: “both the hotel and the city, after all, are monuments to the triumph of money over practicality. Both elevate style over substance.”[12] Yet another: “Emulating the quality of palatial interiors, in an expression of wealth for the mainstream, a theater of opulence is created in Burj al Arab … The result is a baroque effect.”[13]
[edit] Trivia
- Contrary to popular belief, the Burj Al Arab is not located in the area of Jumeirah (although it is connected to Jumeirah beach), but is in fact located in the community of Umm Suqeim 3.[citation needed]
- Was featured in the Tom Clancy book, Splinter Cell: Checkmate
- There is an entry fee to those entering the artificial island from the mainland
- A charge is made even to tour the building. The fee is normally 200 Dirhams (around US$55), although this is rebated against any money the visitor chooses to spend in the hotel's restaurants and bars. (Source: Time Out Dubai).
[edit] See also
[edit] References
- Rose, Steve. "Sand and Freedom", The Guardian, November 28 2005, retrieved October 27 2006.
- National Graphic Television. National Geographic: Megastructures, retrieved October 27 2006.
[edit] Footnotes
- ^ "World's Tallest Hotels", Emporis, 2006-06-01. Retrieved on 2006-06-21.
- ^ "Burj al-Arab", EgyptEng.com engineering directory, 2000. Retrieved on 2007-01-24.
- ^ "Burj al-Arab", EgyptEng.com engineering directory, 2000. Retrieved on 2007-01-24.
- ^ "Burj al-Arab", Forbes Traveler, 2006. Retrieved on 2007-01-24.
- ^ "Murray & Roberts", Murray & Roberts, 2006-06-21. Retrieved on 2006-06-21.
- ^ "Designing with Structural Fabrics", Architectural Record, 2006-10-01. Retrieved on 2007-01-24.
- ^ "Tennis on the Burj", Gargles, 2006-09-29. Retrieved on 2007-01-24.
- ^ "World's Top Tennis Stars at Burj al-Arab", Burj al-Arab online. Retrieved on 2007-01-24.
- ^ Damluji, Salma Samar, The Architecture of the U.A.E.. Reading, UK: 2006.
- ^ Damluji, Salma Samar, The Architecture of the U.A.E.. Reading, UK: 2006.
- ^ [The Architecture of the U.A.E..]
- ^ [The Architecture of the U.A.E..]
- ^ [The Architecture of the U.A.E..]
[edit] External links
[edit] Official sites
- Burj al-Arab official website
- Atkins, the designers and engineers behind Burj al-Arab
- Guinness Book of World Records relating to Burj al-Arab
[edit] Video and photographs
- Video tour inside Burj al-Arab
- Photographs and details at DubaiHotel.ws
[edit] Maps and satellite images
- Google Earth 3D model of Burj al-Arab
- Google Maps satellite view of Burj al-Arab
[edit] The helipad
[edit] Other
- Cultural meaning of the phrase Burj al-Arab
