Bullock's Oriole

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Bullock's Oriole

Conservation status
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Passeriformes
Family: Icteridae
Genus: Icterus
Species: I. bullockii
Binomial name
Icterus bullockii
(Swainson, 1827)

The Bullock's Oriole, Icterus bullockii, is a small blackbird. At one time, this species and the Baltimore Oriole were considered to be a single species, the Northern Oriole.

Adults have a pointed bill. The adult male is orange on the underparts, face and rump with black everywhere else; they have a white wing patch. The adult female is grey-brown on the upper parts, dull yellow on the breast and belly and has wing bars.

Their breeding habitat is the edges of deciduous and mixed woods across western North America. The range of this bird overlaps with that of the similar Baltimore Oriole in the east; these two birds sometimes interbreed where their ranges overlap. The nest is a tightly woven pouch located on the end of a branch.

These birds migrate to Mexico and Central America.

These birds forage in trees and shrubs, also making short flights to catch insects. They mainly eat insects, berries and nectar.

This bird's song is similar to that of the Baltimore Oriole, but faster and somewhat more harsh.

This bird was named after William Bullock, an English amateur naturalist.

Contents

[edit] Interesting Bullock's Oriole Facts

• In the 1800s an ornithologist concluded that the Baltimore Oriole and Bullock’s Oriole were one and the same species and grouped them under one name – the Northern Oriole. More recent studies show that in fact they are two distinct species and they were categorized separately again. However, these two birds hybridize often, especially when they meet at the Great Plains.
• Male Bullock’s Orioles sing a different song from their female counterparts. The female’s song often sounds harsher but she sings more than the male bird.
Read more About The Bullock's Oriole

[edit] References

[edit] External links

[edit] Further reading

[edit] Book

  • Rising, J. D., and P. L. Williams. 1999. Bullock’s Oriole (Icterus bullockii). In The Birds of North America, No. 416 (A. Poole and F. Gill, eds.). The Birds of North America, Inc., Philadelphia, PA.

[edit] Thesis

  • Allen ES. Ph.D. (2002). Long-term hybridization and the maintenance of species identity in orioles (Icterus). Indiana University, United States -- Indiana.
  • Butcher GS. Ph.D. (1984). SEXUAL COLOR DIMORPHISM IN ORIOLES (THE GENUS ICTERUS): TESTS OF COMMUNICATION HYPOTHESES (BIRDS, BEHAVIOR, BREEDING BIOLOGY). University of Washington, United States -- Washington.

[edit] Articles

  • Ashman P. (1977). Northern Bullocks Oriole Eats Hummingbird. Western Birds. vol 8, no 3.
  • Brown BT & Trosset MW. (1989). Nesting-Habitat Relationships of Riparian Birds Along the Colorado River in Grand Canyon Arizona USA. Southwestern Naturalist. vol 34, no 2. p. 260-270.
  • Butcher GS. (1982). Colorful Aspects of Breeding Behavior in the Northern Bullocks Oriole. American Zoologist. vol 22, no 4.
  • Corbin KW & Sibley CG. (1977). Rapid Evolution in Orioles of the Genus Icterus. Condor. vol 79, no 3. p. 335-342.
  • Freeman S & Zink RM. (1995). A phylogenetic study of the blackbirds based on variation in mitochondrial DNA restriction sites. Systematic Biology. vol 44, no 3. p. 409-420.
  • Gardali T, Holmes AL, Small SL, Nur N, Geupel GR & Golet GH. (2006). Abundance patterns of landbirds in restored and remnant riparian forests on the Sacramento River, California, USA. Restoration Ecology. vol 14, no 3. p. 391-403.
  • Green JC. (1969). 1st Bullocks Oriole for Minnesota. Loon. vol 41, no 2. p. 41-42.
  • Kroodsma RL. (1971). North-Dakota Species Pairs Part 1 Hybridization in Buntings Grosbeaks and Orioles Part 2 Species Recognition Behavior of Territorial Male Rose-Breasted and Black-Headed Grosbeaks Pheucticus. Dissertation Abstracts International B Sciences & Engineering. vol 32, no 3.
  • Misra RK & Short LL. (1974). A Biometric Analysis of Oriole Hybridization. Condor. vol 76, no 2. p. 137-146.
  • Norvell RE, Howe FP & Parrish JR. (2003). A seven-year comparison of relative-abundance and distance-sampling methods. Auk. vol 120, no 4. p. 1013-1028.
  • Pranty B, Kratter AW & Bowman R. (2005). Records of the Bullock's Oriole in Florida. Florida Field Naturalist. vol 33, no 2. p. 41-46.
  • Purcell KL & Verner J. (1999). Nest predators of open and cavity nesting birds in oak woodlands. Wilson Bulletin. vol 111, no 2. p. 251-256.
  • Richardson DS & Bolen GM. (1999). A nesting association between semi-colonial Bullock's orioles and yellow-billed magpies: Evidence for the predator protection hypothesis. Behavioral Ecology & Sociobiology. vol 46, no 6. p. 373-380.
  • Richardson DS & Burke T. (2001). Extrapair paternity and variance in reproductive success related to breeding density in Bullock's orioles. Animal Behaviour. vol 62, no 3. p. 519-525.
  • Rising JD. (1970). Morphological Variation and Evolution in Some North American Orioles. Systematic Zoology. vol 19, no 4. p. 315-351.
  • Rising JD. (1973). Morphological Variation and Status or the Orioles Icterus-Galbula Icterus-Bullockii and Icterua-Abeillei in the Northern Great Plains and in Durango Mexico. Canadian Journal of Zoology. vol 51, no 12. p. 1267-1273.
  • Rising JD. (1996). The stability of the oriole hybrid zone in western Kansas. Condor. vol 98, no 3. p. 658-663.
  • Rohwer S & Johnson MS. (1992). Scheduling differences of molt and migration for Baltimore and Bullock's Orioles persist in a common environment. The Condor. vol 94, no 4. p. 992.
  • Schaefer VH. (1980). Geographic Variation in the Insulative Qualities of Nests of the Northern Oriole Icterus-Galbula. Wilson Bulletin. vol 94, no 4. p. 466-474.
  • Worthen GL. (1973). 1st Utah Record of the Baltimore Oriole. Auk. vol 90, no 3. p. 677-678.
  • Wright DH. (1994). Northern (Bullock's) oriole at Saskatoon. Blue Jay. vol 52, no 1. p. 31-32.
  • Zink RM. (2006). Rigor and species concepts. Auk. vol 123, no 3. p. 887-891.
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