Buff-bellied Pipit

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Buff-bellied Pipit
American Pipit
American Pipit
Conservation status
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Passeriformes
Family: Motacillidae
Genus: Anthus
Species: A. rubescens
Binomial name
Anthus rubescens
(Tunstall, 1771)
Subspecies
  • Anthus rubescens rubescens
    American Pipit
  • Anthus rubescens japonicus
    Japanese Pipit

The Buff-bellied Pipit (Anthus rubescens) is a small passerine bird. It has two distinctive subspecies: The American Pipit, A. r. rubescens, breeds in northern North America, and further south in mountainous areas. The Japanese Pipit, A. r. japonicus, breeds not only in Japan but in most of north-central and northeast Asia. There are some sequence differences between these, and they might be considered distinct species pending further research (Zink et al., 1997).

This species is closely related to Rock Pipit and Water Pipit, all three forms having previously been considered conspecific (Sangster et al., 2002). They can be told apart by their vocalizations (Leonovich et al, 1997) and some visual cues (Alström & Mild, 1996), but Rock and Buff-bellied Pipit do not co-occur except as vagrant individuals, and the Buff-belllied and Water Pipits' ranges overlap only in a small area in Central Asia (Nazarenko, 1978).

Both subspecies of Buff-bellied Pipit are migratory. The American Pipit winters on the Pacific coast of North America, and on the Atlantic coast from the southern USA to Central America. Asian birds winter mainly from Pakistan east to Japan and southeast Asia. The American and Asian subspecies are rare vagrants to western and eastern Europe respectively.

The breeding habitat is tundra, but outside the breeding season these birds are found in open lightly vegetated areas similar to those favoured by Water Pipit.

Like most other pipits, this is an undistinguished looking species on the ground. American Pipit has lightly streaked gray-brown upperparts and is diffusely streaked below on the buff breast and flanks. The belly is whitish. The Asian form is darker above, and has bolder black streaking on its whiter underparts.

This species is insectivorous. Its call is a squeaky sip.

Contents

[edit] References

  • Alström, Per & Mild, Krister (1996): The identification of Rock, Water and Buff-bellied Pipits. Alula 2(4): 161–175.
  • Leonovich, V. V.; Deminia, G. V. & Veprintseva, O. D. (1997): [On the taxonomy and phylogeny of pipits (Genus Anthus, Motacillidae, Aves) in Eurasia]. Biulleten Moskovskogo obshchestva ispytatelei prirody. Otdel biologicheskii. 102(2): 14–22. [Article in Russian]
  • Nazarenko, A. A. (1978): [On species validity of Anthus rubescens Tunstall (Aves: Motacillidae).] Zoologicheskiy Zhurnal 57: 1743–1744. [Article in Russian]
  • Zink, R. M., Rohwer, S., Andreev, A. V. & Dittmann, D. L. (1995): Trans-Beringia comparisons of mitochondrial DNA differentiation in birds. Condor 97(3): 639–649. PDF fulltext

[edit] External Links

[edit] Further reading

[edit] Book

  • Verbeek, N. A. M. and P. Hendricks. 1994. American Pipit (Anthus rubescens). In The Birds of North America, No. 95 (A. Poole and F. Gill, Eds.). Philadelphia: The Academy of Natural Sciences; Washington, D.C.: The American Ornithologists’ Union.

[edit] Thesis

  • Hendricks DP. Ph.D. (1993). Clutch- and egg-size variation of American pipits in alpine environments. Washington State University, United States -- Washington.

[edit] Articles

  • Bennike O. (1990). Observations of Geese and Other Birds in West Greenland Arctic Ocean 1989 and 1990. Dansk Ornitologisk Forenings Tidsskrift. vol 84, no 3-4. p. 145-150.
  • Best JR & Higgs WJ. (1990). Bird Population Status Changes in Thule District North Greenland Arctic Ocean. Dansk Ornitologisk Forenings Tidsskrift. vol 84, no 3-4. p. 159-160.
  • Brichetti P & Massa B. (1987). Addenda and Corrigenda to the Check-List of Italian Birds. Rivista Italiana di Ornitologia. vol 57, no 3-4. p. 157-160.
  • Duckworth JW. (2006). Records of some bird species hitherto rarely found in DPR Korea. Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club. vol 126, no 4. p. 252-290.
  • Forrester RW. (1996). Amendments to the Scottish list. Scottish Birds. vol 18, no 3. p. 129-131.
  • Hendricks P. (1991). Repeatability of Size and Shape of American Pipit Eggs. Canadian Journal of Zoology. vol 69, no 10. p. 2624-2628.
  • Hendricks P. (1991). Site Fidelity and Renesting of Female American Pipits. Journal of Field Ornithology. vol 62, no 3. p. 338-342.
  • Hendricks P. (1997). Geographical trends in clutch size: A range-wide relationship with laying date in American pipits. Auk. vol 114, no 4. p. 773-778.
  • Hendricks P. (2003). Spring snow conditions, laying date, and clutch size in an alpine population of American Pipits. Journal of Field Ornithology. vol 74, no 4. p. 423-429.
  • Hendricks P & Norment CJ. (1992). Effects of Severe Snowstorm on Subalpine and Alpine Populations of Nesting American Pipits. Journal of Field Ornithology. vol 63, no 3. p. 331-338.
  • Hendricks P & Norment CJ. (1994). Hatchability of American pipit eggs in the Beartooth Mountains, Wyoming. Wilson Bulletin. vol 106, no 2. p. 392-399.
  • Kennedy PL, Stahlecker DW & Fair JM. (1995). Organochlorine concentrations in potential avian prey of breeding peregrine falcons in North-Central New Mexico. Southwestern Naturalist. vol 40, no 1. p. 94-100.
  • Knox A. (1988). TAXONOMY OF THE ROCK WATER PIPIT SUPERSPECIES ANTHUS-PETROSUS, ANTHUS-SPINOLETTA AND ANTHUS-RUBESCENS. British Birds. vol 81, no 5. p. 206-211.
  • Koblik EA & Mikhailov KE. (1994). On birds of upper belts of the mountains of Khorsko-Bikinsky watershed (middle Sikhote-Alin). Byulleten' Moskovskogo Obshchestva Ispytatelei Prirody Otdel Biologicheskii. vol 99, no 6. p. 47-54.
  • Mikhailov KE. (1997). The regularities of the distribution of birds along vertical and habitual scale in the alpine-subalpine zone of the central Sikhote-Alin Range. Byulleten' Moskovskogo Obshchestva Ispytatelei Prirody Otdel Biologicheskii. vol 102, no 6. p. 20-27.
  • Norment CJ & Green K. (2004). Breeding ecology of Richard's Pipit (Anthus novaeseelandiae) in the Snowy Mountains. Emu. vol 104, no 4. p. 327-336.
  • Richardson TW, Pyle P, Burnett R & Capitolo P. (2003). The occurrence and seasonal distribution of migratory birds on Southeast Farallon Island, 1968-1999. Western Birds. vol 34, no 2. p. 58-96.
  • Taylor DM. (1994). Seasonal status of the American pipit in Idaho. Western Birds. vol 25, no 1. p. 43-49.
  • Verbeek NAM. (1995). The use of grit in pipits, especially the American Pipit. Journal of Field Ornithology. vol 65, no 4. p. 498-503.
  • Wilson S & Martin K. (2005). Songbird use of high-elevation habitat during the fall post-breeding and migratory periods. Ecoscience. vol 12, no 4. p. 561-568.
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