British English

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

You have new messages (last change).

British English (BrE) is a broad term used to distinguish the forms of the English language used in the United Kingdom from forms used elsewhere.[1] It includes all the varieties of English used within the UK, including those found in England, Scotland, Northern Ireland and Wales. Some may also use the term more widely, to include other forms such as Hiberno-English (spoken in Ireland).[2]

The vast majority of people in Britain speak English, either as their first or as a second language. Although the term "British English" is rarely used within Britain itself (just as Americans seldom use the term "American English"), it is used as a means of distinguishing the forms of English prevalent in Britain from those spoken elsewhere in the world.

There are slight regional variations in formal written English in the United Kingdom (for example, although the words wee and little are interchangeable in some contexts, one is more likely to see wee written by a Scottish or Northern Irish person than by an English person). Nevertheless, there is a meaningful degree of uniformity in written English within the United Kingdom, and this could be described as "British English". The forms of spoken English, however, vary considerably more than in most other areas of the world where English is spoken, and a uniform concept of "British English" is therefore more difficult to apply to the spoken language. According to Tom McArthur in the Oxford Guide to World English (p. 45), the phrase British English shares "all the ambiguities and tensions in the word British, and as a result can be used and interpreted in two ways, more broadly or more narrowly, within a range of blurring and ambiguity".

Contents

[edit] History

The widespread use of English worldwide is largely attributable to the power of the former British Empire, and this is reflected in the continued use of the language in both its successor (the Commonwealth of Nations) and many other countries. In the days before radio and television, most communication across the English-speaking world was by the written word. This helped to preserve a degree of global uniformity of the written language. However, due to the vast separation distances involved, variations in the spoken language began to arise. This was also aided by émigrés to the empire coming into contact with other, non-British cultures. In some cases, resulting variations in the spoken language have led to these being reflected in minor variations in written language usage, grammar and spellings in other countries.

[edit] Dialects

See also Survey of English Dialects

Dialects and accents vary not only between the nations of Britain, for example in Scotland and Wales, but also within these countries themselves. There are also differences in the English spoken by different socio-economic groups in any particular region.

The major divisions are normally classified as English English (or English as spoken in England, which comprises Southern English dialects, Midlands English dialects and Northern English dialects), Welsh English, Scottish English and the closely related dialects of the Scots language.

The various British dialects also differ in the words which they have borrowed from other languages. The Scottish and Northern dialects include many words originally borrowed from Old Norse and a few borrowed from Gaelic.

[edit] Accent

The most common form of English used by the British ruling class is that of south-east England (the area around the capital, London, and the ancient English university towns of Oxford and Cambridge). This form of the language is known as the "Received Standard", and its accent is called Received Pronunciation (RP), which is improperly regarded by many people outside the UK as "the British accent". Earlier it was held as better than other accents and referred to as the King's (or Queen's) English, or even "BBC English". Originally this was the form of English used by radio and television. However, there is now much more tolerance of variation than there was in the past; for several decades other accents have been accepted and are frequently heard, although stereotypes about the BBC persist. English spoken with a mild Scottish accent has a reputation for being especially easy to understand. Moreover, only approximately two percent of Britons speak RP[3], and it has evolved quite markedly over the last 40 years.

Even in the south east there are significantly different accents; the local inner east London accent called Cockney is strikingly different from RP and can be difficult for outsiders to understand.

There is a new form of accent called Estuary English that has been gaining prominence in recent decades: it has some features of Received Pronunciation and some of Cockney. In London itself, the broad local accent is still changing, partly influenced by Caribbean speech. Londoners speak with a mixture of these accents, depending on class, age, upbringing, and so on.

Since the mass immigration to Northamptonshire in the 1940s and its close accent borders, it has become a source of various accent development. There, nowadays, one finds an accent known locally as the Kettering accent, which is a mixture of many different local accents, including East Midlands, East Anglian, Scottish, and Cockney. This accent is found as North as Melton Mowbray, and as south as Bedford. Also, found in the town of Corby 5 miles north, one can find Corbyite, which unlike the Kettering accent, is largely based on Scottish.

Outside the south east there are, in England alone, at least eight families of accents easily distinguished by natives:

Although some of the stronger regional accents may sometimes be difficult for some English-speakers from outside Britain to understand, almost all 'British English' accents are mutually intelligible amongst the British themselves, with only occasional difficulty between very diverse accents. However, modern communications and mass media have reduced these differences significantly. In addition, most British people can to some degree temporarily 'swing' their accent (and particularly vocabulary) towards a more neutral form of 'standard' English at will, to reduce difficulty where very different accents are involved, or when speaking to foreigners.

[edit] Standardisation

As with English around the world, the English language as used in the United Kingdom and the Republic of Ireland is governed by convention rather than formal code: there is no equivalent body to the Académie française or the Real Academia Española, and the authoritative dictionaries (for example, Oxford English Dictionary, Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English, Chambers Dictionary, Collins Dictionary) record usage rather than prescribe it. In addition, vocabulary and usage change with time; words are freely borrowed from other languages and other strains of English, and neologisms are frequent.

For historical reasons dating back to the rise of London in the 9th century, the form of language spoken in London and the East Midlands became standard English within the Court, and ultimately became the basis for generally accepted use in the law, government, literature and education within Britain. To a great extent, modern British spelling was standardised in Samuel Johnson's A Dictionary of the English Language (1755), although previous writers had also played a significant role in this and much has changed since 1755. Scotland, which only underwent parliamentary union in 1707, still has a few independent aspects of standardisation, especially within its autonomous legal system.

[edit] See also

[edit] References

  • McArthur, Tom (2002). Oxford Guide to World English. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-866248-3 hardback, ISBN 0-19-860771-7 paperback.
  • Bragg, Melvyn (2004). The Adventure of English, London: Sceptre. ISBN 0-340-82993-1
  • Peters, Pam (2004). The Cambridge Guide to English Usage. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-62181-X.
  • Simpson, John (ed.) (1989). Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

[edit] Notes

  1. ^ Peters, p 79.
  2. ^ The Oxford English Dictionary defines British English as "the English language as spoken or written in the British Isles; esp[ecially] the forms of English usual in Great Britain, as contrasted with those characteristic of the U.S.A. or other English-speaking countries."
  3. ^ Learning: Language & Literature: Sounds Familiar?: Case studies: Received Pronunciation British Library

[edit] External links

v • d • e
Dialects of English
Europe British · East Anglian · English English · Estuary · Guernsey English · Hiberno-English (Ireland) · Highland · Manx · Mid Ulster · Midlands · Northern · Scottish · Welsh · West Country dialects
North America United States · African American Vernacular · Appalachian · Baltimorese · Boston · Buffalonian · California · Chicano · Cajun · Maine  · Maine-New Hampshire · New Jersey · New York City · North American · North Central American · Inland Northern American · Pacific Northwest · Pennsylvania Dutch English · Philadelphia · Pittsburgh · Southern American · Utah · Yat · Yooper · Canadian · West/Central Canadian · Maritimer · Newfoundland · Quebec
West Indies Bermudian · Bahamian · Caribbean · Jamaican
Oceania Australian · New Zealand · Australian Aboriginal · Hawaiian Pidgin
Asia Burmese · Hong Kong · Indian · Malaysian · Philippine · Singlish / Manglish · Sri Lankan
Africa Liberian · Malawian · South African
Miscellaneous Basic · Commonwealth · International · Mid-Atlantic · Plain · Simplified · Special · Standard
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org../../../b/r/i/British_English_ebb4.html"