Brendan

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Saint Brendan of Clonfert

St. Brendan and the whale from a 15th century manuscript
Born 484, Fenit, Tralee, Kerry
Died 578
Venerated in Roman Catholic Church, Eastern Orthodox Church
Major shrine Clonfert
Feast May 16 (R), January 15 (O)
Saints Portal
This article is about Saint Brendan of Clonfert. For other uses, see Brendan (disambiguation).

Saint Brendan of Clonfert or Bréanainn of Clonfert (c. 484 – c. 578) called "the Navigator" or "the Voyager", is one of the early Irish monastic saints whose legends have overshadowed their history. He is chiefly renowned for his semi-legendary quest to the Land of Delight. The Voyage of St. Brendan could be called an immram.

His feast day is May 16.

Contents

[edit] Early life

In AD 484 Saint Brendan was born near what is now Fenit the port of Tralee, in County Kerry in the south west of Ireland.[1] It was known as Ciarraight Luachra in those days. He was baptized at Tubrid, near Ardfert, by Bishop Erc. For five years he was educated under Saint Ita, "the Brigid of Munster", and he completed his studies under Erc, who ordained him priest in 512. Between the years 512 and 530 St. Brendan built monastic cells at Ardfert, and, at the foot of Mount Brandon, Shanakeel— Seana Cill, usually translated as "the old church"— also called Baalynevinoorach. It was from here that he set out on his famous seven years voyage for the Land of Delight. The old Irish Calendars assigned a special feast for the Egressio familiae S. Brendani, on 22 March; and St Aengus the Culdee, in his Litany composed at the close of the eighth century, invokes "the sixty who accompanied St. Brendan in his quest for the Land of Promise".

Brendan discovering the Faroes and IcelandStamp sheet FR 252-253 of Postverk FøroyaIssued: 18 April 1994Artist: Colin Harrison
Brendan discovering the Faroes and Iceland
Stamp sheet FR 252-253 of Postverk Føroya
Issued: 18 April 1994
Artist: Colin Harrison

[edit] Legendary journey

St Brendan is chiefly renowned for his legendary journey to The Isle of the Blessed (also called Tír na nÓg) as described in the ninth century Voyage of St Brendan the Navigator. Many versions exist, that tell of how he set out onto the Atlantic Ocean with sixty pilgrims[2] (other versions have fourteen, plus three unbelievers who join at the last minute), searching for the Americas. If it happened, this would have occurred in around 530, before his travel to the island of Great Britain. On his trip, Brendan is supposed to have seen a blessed island covered with vegetation. He also encountered a sea monster, an adventure he shared with his contemporary St. Columba. The most commonly illustrated adventure is his landing on an island which turns out to be a giant sea monster called Jasconius or Jascon. This too, has its parallels in other stories, not only in Irish mythology but in other traditions, from Sinbad the Sailor to Pinocchio.

[edit] Early Dutch version

One of the earliest preserved written versions of the legend is in Dutch Des Reis van Sint Brandaen (Dutch for The Voyage of Saint Brandon), written in the 12th century. Scholars believe it derived from a now lost middle High German text combined with Celtic elements from Ireland and combines Christian and fairy tale elements. Des Reis van Sint Brandaen describes "Brandaen," a monk from Galway, and his voyage around the world for nine years. The journey was begun as a punishment by an angel who had seen Brandaen not believe the truth of a book on the miracles of creation and saw Brandaen throw it into the fire. The angel tells him that truth has been destroyed. On his journeys Brandaen encounters the wonders and horrors of the world, such as Judas frozen on one side and burning on the other, people with swine heads, dog legs and wolf teeth carrying bows and arrows, and an enormous fish that encircles the ship by holding its tail in its mouth. The English poem Life of Saint Brandan is a later English derivative of the Dutch version.[3]

[edit] Context

While it is generally assumed that the story is a religious allegory, there has been considerable ink spilled over the question of whether part of the legends really happened, and whether the Isle of the Blessed that Brendan reached was not, in fact America. There is a St. Brendan Society that celebrates the belief that Brendan was the first to discover America. As Tim Severin showed in his book, it is not unlikely that Brendan reached North America on his journey, and he has proven that such a trip was possible for a leather-clad boat such as the one described in the Navigatio.[4][5] Christopher Columbus relied on the legends told of St. Brendan as part of his argument that it was indeed possible to travel to Asia by crossing the Atlantic. Some propose St Brendan as one of the ancient visitors to the Americas.

As a genre, The Voyage of St. Brendan (in Latin, the Navigatio Sancti Brendani) fits in with a then-popular form of literature, peculiar to Ireland, called an imrama, that describes a hero's series of adventures in a boat. For example, there appear to be similarities with The Voyage of Bran written much earlier. In the Navigatio, this style of storytelling meshed with a religious ascetic tradition where Irish monks would travel alone in boats, the same way their desert brothers used to isolate themselves in caves.

[edit] Effects

Naturally, the story of the seven years voyage was carried about, and soon crowds of pilgrims and students flocked to Ardfert. Thus, in a few years, many religious houses were formed - at Gallerus, Kilmalchedor, Brandon Hill, and the Blasket Islands - in order to meet the wants of those who came for spiritual guidance to St. Brendan.

Saint Brendan is the Patron Saint of the United States Navy.

[edit] Further travels

Later, he travelled to Wales and the holy island of Iona, off the west coast of Scotland; returning to Ireland, he founded a bishopric at Annaghdown, where he spent the rest of his days. He was recognised as a saint by the Irish church, and his feast day is May 16. Having established the bishopric of Ardfert, Brendan proceeded to Thomond, and founded a monastery at Inis-da-druim (now Coney Island), in the present parish of Killadysert, County Clare, about the year 550. He then journeyed to Wales, and thence to Iona, for he is said to have left traces of his apostolic zeal at Kil-brandon (near Oban) and Kil-brennan Sound. After a three years' mission in Britain he returned to Ireland, and did more proselytizing in various parts of Leinster, especially at Dysart (Co. Kilkenny), Killiney (Tubberboe), and Brandon Hill. He established churches at Inchiquin, County Galway and at Inishglora, County Mayo.

His most celebrated foundation was Clonfert, in 557, over which he appointed St. Moinenn as Prior and Head Master. Brendan was interred in Clonfert.

[edit] Modern re-enactment

In 1976, Irish explorer Tim Severin built an ox leather curragh and over two summers sailed her from Ireland via the Hebrides, Faroe Islands and Iceland to Newfoundland to demonstrate that the saint's purported voyage was feasible. On his voyage, he encountered various sights such as icebergs and sea animals such as whales and porpoises which he suggests are factual counterparts to the fantastic sights from the legends of Brendan. See The Brendan Voyage, ISBN 0-349-10707-6.

[edit] Appearances in popular culture

The Brendan Voyage is an orchestral suite for uillean pipes, written by Irish composer Shaun Davey in 1983 and based on Tim Severin's book of the same name.

Novelist Frederick Buechner retold the story of Brendan's travels in his 1987 novel Brendan.

The cream liqueur Saint Brendan's is named after him.

Brandania is a Canarian group of Celtic music players. Their name hints to the Canary Islands as St Brendan's Island.

The Canadian band The Lowest of the Low wrote a song titled "St. Brendan's Way" that appears on their album Shakespeare My Butt

The celtic band Iona made an entire recording inspired by the voyage of Saint Brendan called Beyond These Shores, now available as part of the recording The River Flows.

Jeff Johnson released a recording through Hearts of Space in 1988 called Prayers Of St. Brendan - The Journey Home.

In the 2005 film Beowulf & Grendel, a travelling monk named Brendan the Celt sails to Denmark circa 521 A.D.

An animated feature film based on the story, called Brendan and the Secret of Kells, is currently being made in Europe. It is due for release in 2007.

Brendan's travels are retold for young readers in "The Sailing Saint".

Brendan's journey is humorously portrayed in the song "Saint Brendan's Voyage" by "Christy Moore".

There is a German folkband that performs since 2005 under the German version of the Saint's name, Brandan.

[edit] List of Places Associated with St. Brendan and their General Location

[edit] References

  • Donnchadha, Gearóid Ó. St Brendan of Kerry, the Navigator. His Life & Voyages. OPEN AIR ISBN 1-85182-871-0
  • Meijer, Reinder. Literature of the Low Countries: A Short History of Dutch Literature in the Netherlands and Belgium. New York: Twayne Publishers, Inc., 1971.
  1. ^ Allen, John Logan (1997). North American Exploration: A New World Disclosed. Volume: 1. University of Nebraska Press, p. 18. 
  2. ^ One of these companions is said to have been Saint Malo, the namesake of Saint-Malo.
  3. ^ Meijer 1971:9-10.
  4. ^ Severin, Tim. The Brendan Voyage: A Leather Boat Tracks the Discovery of America by the Irish Sailor Saints. McGraw-Hill Book Company. 1978. ISBN 0-07-056335-7.
  5. ^ (1964, Robert Reily) Irish Saints page:37, Wing Books, New Jersey, ISBN 0-517-36833-1

[edit] See also

[edit] External links

Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org../../../b/r/e/Brendan.html"