Blencathra

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Blencathra
Blencathra from Scales Fell ridge
Elevation	868 m (2,848 ft)
Location	Cumbria, England
Range	Lake District Northern Fells
Prominence	461 m
Topo map	OS Landranger 90, Explorer, OL4, OL5
OS grid reference	NY323277
Listing	Hewitt, Marilyn, Nuttall, Wainwright

Blencathra is one of the most northerly mountains in the Lake District, United Kingdom. It has six separate fell tops, of which the highest is the 868 metre (2,848 foot) Hallsfell Top.

1 Name
2 Topography
3 Geology and Mining
4 Summit and View
5 Ascents
6 References
7 External links

[edit] Name

For many years the Ordnance Survey listed Blencathra under the alternative name of Saddleback, which was coined in reference to the shape of the mountain when seen from the east. The guidebook author Alfred Wainwright popularised the use of the older, Cumbric name, which is now used almost exclusively. The Ordnance Survey currently marks the summit as "Saddleback or Blencathra". It is likely that the name Blencathra is derived from the Cumbric elements blaen (a bare hill top) and cathrach (a chair). This would give a meaning of "the bare hill top shaped like a chair", which perfectly describes the topography of the hill.

[edit] Topography

The Northern Fells comprise a roughly circular upland area with a diameter approaching 10 miles. At the centre is the marshy depression of Skiddaw Forest— a treeless plateau at an altitude of 1,300 ft— and flowing outward from here are the rivers which divide the area into three sectors. The south eastern sector, between the Glenderaterra Beck and the River Caldew, contains Blencathra and its satellites.^[1]

Blencathra is more of a small range than a single fell, a series of tops standing out on a three mile long curving ridge. It has smooth, easy slopes to the north and west, whilst displaying a complex system of rocky spurs and scree slopes to the south and east.

sketch map of Blencathra

When viewed from the south east, particularly on the main Keswick to Penrith road, Blencathra appears almost symetrical. To left and right the ends of the fell rise up from the surrounding lowlands in smooth and sweeping curves, clad in rough grass. Each rises gracefully to a ridge-top summit, Blease Fell on the west and Scales Fell to the east. Between these book-ends are a further three tops, Gategill Fell, Hallsfell and Doddick Fell, giving a scalloped profile to the ridge. From each of the three central tops a spur runs out perpendicular to the main ridge, beginning as a narrow, rocky arête and then widening into a broad buttress which falls 2,000 ft to the base of the fell. Separating the five tops are four streams which run down the south east face between the spurs. From the west these are Blease Gill, Gate Gill, Doddick Gill and Scaley Beck.

In addition to the spurs on the south east face, Hallsfell also throws out a high ridge to the north. This is the saddle which gives Blencathra its alternative name, rising beyond the dip to the sixth top, Atkinson Pike. This is the focal point for connecting ridges to Bannerdale Crags and Mungrisdale Common to the north. The 'saddle' is bounded by crags to the east, Tarn Crag and Foule Crag being the principal faces. Between the two is Sharp Edge, an aptly named arête which gives one of the most famous lakeland scrambles. Wainwright noted that "The crest itself is sharp enough for shaving (the former name was razor edge) and can be traversed only à cheval at some risk of damage to tender parts."^[1] Below Tarn Crags is Scales Tarn, an almost circular waterbody filling a corrie. The bed plunges steeply to about 25 ft and plants and fish are scarce.^[2]

To the east, beyond Scales Fell, is the connection to Souther Fell at Mousthwaite Comb. This ridge continues north east to the vicinity of Mungrisdale, surrounded on all sides by the River Glenderamackin.

[edit] Geology and Mining

In common with much of the Northern Fells the Kirk Stile Formation of the Skiddaw Group predominates. This is composed of laminated mudstone and siltstone with greywacke sandstone and is of Ordovician age.^[3]

There has been considerable mining activity beneath the slopes of Blencathra. Threlkeld mine lies at the base of Hallsfell. From 1879 to 1928 it was a profitable venture for the raising of lead and zinc ores and is believed to hold further reserves should the economic situation improve.^[4]

A small trial working can be seen beside Blease Gill near the 2,000 ft contour. This is believed to have been driven for lead.^[4]

Saddleback Old Mine had workings near Scales Tarn and at Mousthwaite Comb. The mine was driven for lead but in the 1890s raised mostly limonite. This was marketed unsuccessfully as a pigment and the mine closed in 1894.^[4]

In the Glenderaterra valley to the west of Blease Fell were Brundholme and Blencathra mines. Lead, copper and baryte were raised between the middle of the nineteenth century and the final closure in 1920.^[4]

[edit] Summit and View

The highest point is directly above the Hallsfell spur, marked by a sprawling cairn only feet from the edge. A good path connects the five summits on the main ridge, giving excellent views down the south east face. Northward on the fine turf of the 'saddle' is a large cross laid out in white stones. Its origin is uncertain but extension to its current size (in excess of 10 ft) is attributed to a Harold Robinson of Threlkeld, a frequent visitor in the years after world war 2.^[1]

The view southward takes in most of Lakeland, made all the more impressive by the sudden fall of the foreground. To the north is an intimate panorama of the Back o'Skiddaw fells.^[1]

[edit] Ascents

Blencathra is a popular mountain, and there are many different routes to the summit. One of the most famous is via Sharp Edge, a knife-edged arête on the eastern side of the mountain. Sharp Edge provides some good scrambling for those with a head for heights. Hall's Fell ridge, on Blencathra’s southern flank also provides an opportunity for some scrambling, though of a less serious nature.

Wainwright recorded more routes of ascent for Blencathra than any other fell.^[1] Blease Fell and Scales Fell provided easy walking on grass and fast routes of descent. Gategill Fell he noted as dull until the final arete is reached, while Hallsfell and Doddick Fell both received praise. Of the intervening gills Scaley Beck was reckoned the most practicable, the other three being overly rough and devoid of interest. An ascent from 'behind', beginning from Mungrisdale, was also described. ^[1]

[edit] References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Wainwright, Alfred: A Pictorial Guide to the Lakeland Fells,Book 5 The Northern Fells: ISBN 0-7112-2458-7
^ Blair, Don: Exploring Lakeland Tarns: Lakeland Manor Press (2003): ISBN 0-9543-9041-5
^ British Geological Survey: 1:50,000 series maps, England & Wales Sheet 29: BGS (1999)
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Adams, John: Mines of the Lake District Fells: Dalesman (1995) ISBN 0-85206-931-6