Blackburnian Warbler

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Blackburnian Warbler
Conservation status
Least Concern
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Aves Order: Passeriformes Family: Parulidae Genus: Dendroica Species: D. fusca
Binomial name
Dendroica fusca (Müller, 1776)

The Blackburnian Warbler, Dendroica fusca , is a small New World warbler. It breeds in eastern North America from southern Canada, the Great Lakes region and New England south to North Carolina.

It is migratory, wintering in the southern Central America and South America, and is a very rare vagrant to western Europe.

This species is 11.5 cm long and weighs 8.5 g. The summer male Blackburnian Warbler has a dark gray back and a double white wing bar, yellowish rump and dark brown crown. The underparts are white, tinged with yellow and streaked black. The head is strongly patterned in yellow and black, with an orange throat.

Other plumages are washed-out versions of the summer male, and in particular lack the strong head pattern, with weaker yellows and gray instead of black.

The breeding habitat is mature coniferous or mixed woodland, especially spruce and hemlocks. Blackburnian Warblers lay 4-5 eggs in a cup nest 2-38 m (5-80 feet) above the ground on a horizontal branch.

These birds are insectivorous, but will take some berries in winter. They usually search for insects in the treetops.

The song is a simple series of high swi notes, often ascending in pitch. The call is a high sip.

This bird was named after Anna Blackburne, an English botanist.

Contents 1 References 2 External links 3 Further reading 3.1 Book 3.2 Thesis 3.3 Articles

[edit] References

• BirdLife International (2004). Dendroica fusca. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN 2006. Retrieved on 10 May 2006. Database entry includes justification for why this species is of least concern
• Curson, Quinn and Beadle,New World Warblers ISBN 0-7136-3932-6
• Stiles and Skutch, A guide to the birds of Costa Rica’’ ISBN 0-8014-9600-4

[edit] External links

• The Nature Conservancy works to protect habitat for the Blackburnian warber and many other migratory bird species
• Blackburnian Warbler Species Account - Cornell Lab of Ornithology
• Blackburnian Warbler Information - South Dakota Birds and Birding
• Blackburnian Warbler - Dendroica fusca - USGS Patuxent Bird Identification InfoCenter

[edit] Further reading

[edit] Book

• Morse, D. H. (2004). Blackburnian Warbler (Dendroica fusca). The Birds of North America Online. (A. Poole, Ed.) Ithaca: Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology; Retrieved from The Birds of North American Online database

[edit] Thesis

• Hamady MA. Ph.D. (2000). An ecosystem approach to assessing the effects of forest heterogeneity and disturbance on birds of the northern hardwood forest in Michigan's Upper Peninsula. Michigan State University, United States -- Michigan.

• Young LA. M.Sc.F. (2004). Habitat use and behaviour of the blackburnian warbler, Dendroica fusca, in an Acadian forest. University of New Brunswick (Canada), Canada.

[edit] Articles

• Adams DA & Hammond JS. (1991). Changes in Forest Vegetation Bird and Small Mammal Populations at Mount Mitchell North Carolina USA 1959-62 and 1985. Journal of the Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society. vol 107, no 1. p. 3-12.

• Betts MG, Forbes GJ, Diamond AW & Taylor PD. (2006). Independent effects of fragmentation on forest songbirds: An organism-based approach. Ecological Applications. vol 16, no 3. p. 1076-1089.

• Betts MG, Zitske BP, Hadley AS & Diamond AW. (2006). Migrant forest songbirds undertake breeding dispersal following timber harvest. Northeast Nat. vol 13, no 4. p. 531-536.

• Bub BR, Flaspohler DJ & Huckins CJF. (2004). Riparian and upland breeding-bird assemblages along headwater streams in Michigan's Upper Peninsula. Journal of Wildlife Management. vol 68, no 2. p. 383-392.

• Burris JM & Haney AW. (2005). Bird communities after blowdown in a late-successional Great Lakes spruce-fir forest. Wilson Bulletin. vol 117, no 4. p. 341-352.

• Clark WH & Kendall SS. (1986). 1ST RECORD OF THE BLACKBURNIAN WARBLER, DENDROICA-FUSCA, FROM THE CENTRAL DESERT IN BAJA-CALIFORNIA, MEXICO. Southwestern Naturalist. vol 31, no 4. p. 544-544.

• Clark WH & Kendall SS. (1986). First Record of the Blackburnian Warbler Dendroica-Fusca New-Record from the Central Desert in Baja California Mexico. Southwestern Naturalist. vol 31, no 4.

• Cumming EE. (2004). Habitat segregation among songbirds in old-growth boreal mixedwood forest. Canadian Field Naturalist. vol 118, no 1. p. 45-55.

• Cumming EE & Diamond AW. (2002). Songbird community composition versus forest rotation age in Saskatchewan boreal mixedwood forest. Canadian Field Naturalist. vol 116, no 1. p. 69-75.

• Doepker RV, Earle RD & Ozoga JJ. (1992). Characteristics of blackburnian warbler, Dendroica fusca, breeding habitat in Upper Michigan. Canadian Field Naturalist. vol 106, no 3. p. 366-371.

• Faccio SD. (2003). Effects of ice storm-created gaps on forest breeding bird communities in central Vermont. Forest Ecology & Management. vol 186, no 1-3. p. 133-145.

• Girard C, Darveau M, Savard J-PL & Huot J. (2004). Are temperate mixedwood forests perceived by birds as a distinct forest type?. Canadian Journal of Forest Research. vol 34, no 9. p. 1895-1907.

• Hobson KA & Bayne E. (2000). Breeding bird communities in boreal forest of western Canada: Consequences of "unmixing" the mixedwoods. Condor. vol 102, no 4. p. 759-769.

• Hobson KA & Bayne E. (2000). Effects of forest fragmentation by agriculture on avian communities in the southern boreal mixedwoods of western Canada. Wilson Bulletin. vol 112, no 3. p. 373-387.

• Johnels SA & Cuadros TC. (1986). Species Composition and Abundance of Bird Fauna in a Disturbed Forest in the Central Andes of Colombia. Hornero. vol 12, no 4. p. 235-241.

• Johnson WNJ & Brown PW. (1990). Avian Use of a Lakeshore Buffer Strip and an Undisturbed Lakeshore in Maine USA. Northern Journal of Applied Forestry. vol 7, no 3. p. 114-117.

• Lacki MJ. (2000). Surveys of bird communities on Little Black and Black mountains: Implications for long-term conservation of Montane birds in Kentucky. Journal of the Kentucky Academy of Science. vol 61, no 1. p. 50-59.

• Latta SC & Parkes KC. (2001). A possible Dendroica kirtlandii hybrid from hispaniola. Wilson Bulletin. vol 113, no 4. p. 378-383.

• Lerner SDZ & Stauffer DF. (1998). Habitat selection by Blackburnian Warblers wintering in Colombia. Journal of Field Ornithology. vol 69, no 3. p. 457-465.

• Morse DH. (1977). The Occupation of Small Islands by Passerine Birds. Condor. vol 79, no 4. p. 399-412.

• Ports MA. (1981). Miscellaneous Summer Records of Birds from Southwestern Kansas USA. Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science. vol 84, no 2. p. 109-114.

• Ross RM, Redell LA, Bennett RM & Young JA. (2004). Mesohabitat use of threatened hemlock forests by breeding birds of the Delaware River basin in northeastern United States. Natural Areas Journal. vol 24, no 4. p. 307-315.

• Saunders D & Saunders S. (1992). Blackburnian Warbler New to the Western Palearctic. British Birds. vol 85, no 7. p. 337-343.

• Schulte LA, Pidgeon AM & Mladenoff DJ. (2005). One hundred fifty years of change in forest bird breeding habitat: Estimates of species distributions. Conservation Biology. vol 19, no 6. p. 1944-1956.

• Skinner C. (2003). A breeding bird survey of the natural areas at Holden Arboretum. Ohio Journal of Science. vol 103, no 4. p. 98-110.

• Stewart PA. (1986). Fall Migration of Twelve Species of Wood Warblers through Coastal Virginia USA. North American Bird Bander. vol 11, no 3. p. 83-88.

• Tingley MW, Orwig DA, Field R & Motzkin G. (2002). Avian response to removal of a forest dominant: Consequences of hemlock woolly adelgid infestations. Journal of Biogeography. vol 29, no 10-11. p. 1505-1516.

• Venier LA, McKenney DW, Wang Y & McKee J. (1999). Models of large-scale breeding-bird distribution as a function of macro-climate in Ontario, Canada. Journal of Biogeography. vol 26, no 2. p. 315-328.

• Young L, Betts MG & Diamond AW. (2005). Do Blackburnian Warblers select mixed forest? The importance of spatial resolution in defining habitat. For Ecol Manage. vol 214, no 1-3. p. 358-372.