Beverly Hills Supper Club fire

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The Beverly Hills Supper Club fire in Kentucky is the third deadliest nightclub fire in U.S. history. It occurred on the night of May 28, 1977, during the Memorial Day weekend. 165 persons died and over 200 were injured.

The fire is listed by the World Almanac as one of the "Most Notable Fires Since 1835." It follows the Cocoanut Grove nightclub fire in Boston, Massachusetts, in 1942, which killed 492, and the Rhythm Night Club fire in Natchez, Mississippi, which claimed approximately 209 lives during a dance in 1940.

1 The club
2 The fire
3 Investigation and aftermath
4 Lawsuit
5 Further reading
6 See also
7 External links

[edit] The club

The Beverly Hills Supper Club was one of the South's major entertainment showcases, though it drew a Midwestern clientele due to its location. Suburban Southgate, Kentucky lay just south of the Ohio River from Cincinnati, and the club drew many of its patrons from that nearby large city. Entertainers from Las Vegas, Nashville, Hollywood and New York performed there. The club opened in 1971, although the site had been a popular nightspot and illegal gambling house as early as 1937 under previous management. Several additions were completed by 1976.

It is believed as many as 3,000 patrons and 182 employees were inside the club at 9:00 p.m. on the evening of the fire, just as the "early show" was beginning in the Cabaret Room. This was the larger of two showrooms with a stage, and it was filled with 1,300 patrons. Because of overcrowding, additional guests had been squeezed into this room on temporary seats erected on ramps to the stage.

Throughout the club patrons were enjoying their meals and drinks in several restaurants, bars, private party rooms, and the two large performance rooms. An awards banquet for 425 people was taking place in the "Empire Room." Upstairs, functions were taking place in the six Crystal Rooms.

[edit] The fire

A wedding reception in the Zebra Room had ended at 8:30 p.m., and some guests complained that the room was becoming overheated, though no smoke was in evidence yet. The doors of the Zebra Room were closed after the reception ended, and the fire continued to smolder undetected for another 25 minutes. Two waitresses, looking for tray jacks, entered the Zebra Room at about 8:56 p.m. They saw dense smoke hanging near the ceiling and notified management immediately. A phone call was placed to the fire department at 9:01 p.m., and the first fire engine arrived in only three minutes, as it happened to be in the area of the club at the time of the call. Meanwhile, the management used two fire extinguishers inside the Zebra Room, but to little effect. The fire had taken hold, and could no longer be contained inside the room. The flames spread so rapidly, a full evacuation of the sprawling, crowded building was not possible. A lack of a sprinkler system and audible automatic fire alarms added to the dangerous conditions. These basic safety standards were required by law, but had not been installed and the local volunteer fire department had not forced correction of the deficiencies.

As the fire erupted at the front of the club, the comedian team Teter and McDonald were performing on stage down the corridor in the Cabaret Room. Singer/actor John Davidson, the scheduled headliner, was in the dressing room preparing for his show. A teenage busboy named Walter Bailey, who had witnessed the onset of the fire, raced down the long hallway to the rear of the building. As he made his way along the corridor, he shouted warnings into the various bars and rooms that he passed. Inside the Cabaret Room, he took the initiative to grab a microphone from the comedians on stage and warn the audience to begin evacuation. He pointed out the exits and urged them to move quickly but without panic. Many patrons immediately began to heed instructions, but many others apparently hesitated because they thought the fire warning was part of the comedy act. At this time there was no hint of smoke or danger in the Cabaret Room. The comedians attempted to calm people by suggesting that the show would continue once the fire was extinguished.

Only two minutes after Walter Bailey's warning, the fire burst its way along the corridor and exploded into the Cabaret Room with a fireball; a classic backdraft. Thick smoke simultaneously filled the building's ventilation system, making it difficult to see and breathe. Full scale panic ensued at this point, with some in the crowd jumping from table to table and many becoming entangled at blocked exits. Screaming patrons, some of whom were on fire, ran in different directions. Lights throughout the complex failed, adding to the panic. Later, at one of the tables, the bodies of six patrons would be found still sitting upright in their seats. Bodies were heaped in piles at either side of the stage. The majority of the deaths would be blamed on poorly marked exits, flammable carpeting, and seat cushions that emitted toxic fumes when burned.

After searching the hospitals, John Davidson found his music director dead in the temporary morgue. The comedy duo and Walter Bailey escaped the blaze. President Jimmy Carter sent a hand-written letter from the White House to personally thank the young busboy for his bravery and initiative in spreading the news. Fire experts agreed that the death toll would have been much higher without his timely warning.

[edit] Investigation and aftermath

Investigation revealed that local and state government oversight of the building's fire safety standards had been woefully inadequate. The nightclub's owners made additions to the building in a piecemeal fashion and had no comprehension themselves of the need to have code-compliant wiring or non-flammable materials used in the construction and decoration. It was revealed that the building's architect was not licensed to practice in the state of Kentucky.

The club's owners also claimed to be unaware that it did not meet fire code requirements. For example, the staircase were required to be enclosed with fire doors on each level of the building. Important state and federal lawmakers visited the club from time to time and were also unaware or willfully ignorant of the fire safety lapses throughout the building.

The tragedy led Kentucky Governor Julian Carroll to initiate an overhaul of the way in which the state government supervises code enforcement. Governor Carroll hoped that his Attorney General would be able to prosecute various officials. However, a secret Grand Jury and an independent investigator both recommended to him that there was no criminal liability sufficient to seek indictments for homicide.

"Old technology" aluminum wiring would be banned in places where it was not already prohibited.

John Davidson later performed in Cincinnati at a huge charity concert to raise funds for children who had lost their parents in the fire. The Beverly Hills Supper Club was never rebuilt. Though other parts of the property have been redeveloped, the actual site of the fire remains vacant as of 2007.

[edit] Lawsuit

This was the first lawsuit to utilize the concept of "enterprise liability" and one of the first disaster cases to sue as a class action.

[edit] Further reading

Beverly Hills: The Anatomy of a Nightclub Fire, by Robert G. Lawson. Athens, OH: Ohio University Press, 1984. 304 pages. ISBN 0-8214-0728-7.
Inside the Beverly Hills Supper Club Fire, by Ronald E. Elliott and based on an original story by survivor Wayne Dammert. Paducah, KY: Turner Publishing Company, 1996. 280 pages. ISBN 1-56311-247-7.
Reconstruction of a tragedy: the Beverly Hills Supper Club Fire, Southgate, Kentucky, May 28, 1977, by Richard L. Best. Boston, MA: National Fire Protection Association, 1977. ISBN 0-87765-113-2.