Behavior-based robotics
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Behavior-based robotics or behavioral robotics or behavioural robotics is the branch of robotics that incorporates modular or behavior based AI (BBAI).
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[edit] How they work
Most behavior-based systems are also reactive, which means they use relatively little internal variable state to model the environment. For instance, there is no programming in the robot of what a chair looks like, or what kind of surface the robot is moving on - all the information is gleaned from the input of the robot's sensors. The robot uses that information to react to the changes in its environment.
Behavior-based robots (BBR) usually show more biological-appearing actions than their computing-intensive counterparts, which are very deliberate in their actions. A BBR often makes mistakes, repeats actions, and appears confused, but can also show the anthropomorphic quality of tenacity. Comparisons between BBRs and insects are frequent because of these actions. BBRs are sometimes considered examples of Weak artificial intelligence, although some have claimed they are models of all intelligence (Brooks 1991).
[edit] History
The school of behavior-based robots owes much to work undertaken in the 1980s at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology by Professor Rodney Brooks, who with students and colleagues built a series of wheeled and legged robots utilising the subsumption architecture. Brooks' papers, often written with lighthearted titles such as "Planning is just a way of avoiding figuring out what to do next", the anthropomorphic qualities of his robots, and the relatively low cost of developing such robots, popularised the behavior-based approach.
Brooks' work builds - whether by accident or not - on two prior milestones in the behavior-based approach. In the 1950s, W. Grey Walter, an English scientist with a background in neurological research, built a pair of vacuum tube-based robots that were exhibited at the 1951 Festival of Britain, and which have simple but effective behavior-based control systems.
The second milestone is Valentino Braitenberg's 1984 book, "Vehicles - Experiments in Synthetic Psychology" (MIT Press). He describes a series of thought experiments demonstrating how simply wired sensor/motor connections can result in some complex-appearing behaviors such as fear and love.
Some of the latest work in BBR is from the BEAM robotics community, which has built upon the work of Mark Tilden. Tilden was inspired by the reduction in the computational power needed for walking mechanisms from Brooks' experiments (which used one microcontroller for each leg), and further reduced the computational requirements to that of logic chips, transistor-based electronics, and analog circuit design.
leJOS provides Java classes that support behavior based robotics.
[edit] Trivia
There are rumours that some of the earliest "evidence" that BBR could be totally reactive was based on the work of MSc students, who were told not to use any variable state in their robots, but in fact found they had to but didn't tell their professors for fear of receiving bad marks.[citation needed]
[edit] External links
[edit] See also
[edit] References
- Brooks, Rodney A. (1991) "Intelligence Without Representation", Artificial Intelligence 47:139-159.
- Jones, Joseph L. (2004) "Robot Programming: A practical guide to Behavior-Based Robotics", ISBN 0-07-142778-3
