Bedouin systems of justice

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A re-enactment of the Bisha'a ritual in the movie Yellow Asphalt
A re-enactment of the Bisha'a ritual in the movie Yellow Asphalt

Bedouin systems of justice are as varied as the Bedouin tribes themselves. A number of these systems date from pre-Islamic times, and hence do not follow the Sharia. Many of these systems are falling into disuse as more and more Bedouins follow the Sharia or national penal codes for dispensing justice.

Contents

[edit] General principles

Bedouin justice is dispensed based on the honor codes of the Bedouin for men (sharif) and women (ird). [1] Bedouin customs relating to preservation of honor, along with those relating to hospitality and bravery, date to pre-Islamic times. [1] In many Bedouin courts, women often do not have a say as defendant or witness, [2] and decisions are taken by village elders in a Draconian fashion.

Members of a single tribe usually follow the same system of justice, and often claim descent from a single common ancestor. Closely related tribes may also follow similar systems of justice, and may even have common arbitrating courts. Jurists in Arab states have often referred to Bedouin customs for precedence. [2]

In smaller Bedouin tribes, conflict resolution can be as informal as talks between families of the two parties. However, social protocols of conflict resolution are in place for the larger tribes.

Bedouins do not have the concept of incarceration - being a nomadic tribe. Petty crimes, and some major ones, are typically settled by fines and grievous crimes by physical pain and bodily harm, or capital punishment. Bedouin tribes are typically held responsible for the action of their members, hence if an accused fails to pay a fine, the accused's tribe is expected to pay - upon which the accused, or the accused's family, becomes obligated to the tribe.[3]

[edit] Some common forms of judicial hierarchy

  • Orfi: A single level judicial system - Some Bedouin tribes of the Sinai use arbitration by Orfi courts. Orfi courts do not seek to find the truth or condemn the guilty, they are more of a mediating agency between the two parties. Orfi courts are headed by a Muktar or a judge. Orfi courts can authorize the Bisha'a, but could be overruled by protocols governing blood feuds. [2]
  • Ghadi: A 2-level hierarchy - The Alegat Bedouin of Egypt appoint three judges or Ghadi. One may appeal to a different judge if one is unhappy with the result of the conflict resolution. Alternatively, one may appeal to the tribe leader or Sheikh, whose judgement cannot be overruled.[2]
  • Armilat hierarchy: Multi-level hierarchy - The Armilat Bedouin have five levels of arbiters - judges with increasing levels of authority. The lowest level arbiters are the Kafeel (a person of power and stature or great physical strength in the tribe, chosen by each party). The claimant then approaches the Kafeel of the other party, who acts as intermediary. Kafeels are paid for their work and not hereditary. All arbiters above the Kafeel have hereditary powers and in increasing power of arbitration, are: Kabir, Adraybee, Manshaad and the highest authority - the Jrabiee. The Jrabiee are actually capable of performing the Bisha'a, and are hence Mubashas in this sense.[4]

[edit] Trials by ordeal

Trials by ordeal are used by the Bedouin to decide on the gravest of crimes. Authorities to hold such trials and judge them are granted to few, and that too on a hereditary basis. The most well-known of the trials by ordeal is the Bisha'a:

  • Bisha'a: This is a custom practiced among the Bedouin of the Judea, Negev and Sinai. It is a protocol for lie detection, and is enacted only in the harshest of civil or criminal violations, like a blood feud - usually in the absence of witnesses. It entails the accused to lick a hot metal spoon and subsequently rinse the mouth with water. If the tongue shows signs of a burn, or a scar the accused is taken to be guilty of lying.[5] [6]

[edit] Blood feud protocols

Protocols regarding blood feuds often override court decisions, and may vary from tribe to tribe. Punishment for murder is usually harsher than punishment meted out to acts of disturbing the tribal solidarity (assahiya - tribal solidarity). The punishment for murder is usually capital punishment, but in some tribes a blood vengeance fee may be extracted instead. [4] The general governing principle is that of Dum butlab dum (Blood begets blood). In many tribes, the first five levels of male cousins (Khamsa) are obligated to seek out and kill the murderer. If not found, another male member of the murderer's tribe would have to die in the retaliatory killing. [1]

[edit] Notes

  1. ^ a b c Patai, Raphael, The Arab Mind, New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1973
  2. ^ a b c d Sons of Ishmael: A Study of the Egyptian Bedouin, by G.W. Murray, London: Routledge, 1935
  3. ^ Of Bedouins and Tasting Fire by Larry W. Roeder, Jr.
  4. ^ a b The Sinai Bedouin, by Larry W. Roeder, Jr
  5. ^ A short history of the Arab peoples; by John B. Glubb; Hodder and Stoughton, London 1969
  6. ^ Conflict resolution through a traditional ritual among the Bedouin Arabs of the Negev, Al-Krenawi, A. and Graham, J. R., Ethnology 38 pp. 163 - 174, 1999
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