Battle of Novara (1849)

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Battle of Novara
Part of the Italian Wars of Independence
Battle of Novara (1849)
Date March 22-23, 1849 Location Novara Result Austrian victory
Combatants
Kingdom of Sardinia	Austrian Empire
Commanders
Wojciech Chrzanowski	Joseph Radetzky von Radetz
Strength
85,636 156 guns	72,380 156 guns

First Italian Independence War
Pastrengo – Santa Lucia – Goito – Peschiera – Custoza – Novara

The Battle of Novara or Battle of Bicocca (Bicocca is a borough of Novara) was one of the battles fought between the Austrian Empire and the Kingdom of Sardinia during the First Italian War of Independence, within the era of Italian unification. Lasting the whole day of March 22, 1849 and ending at dawn on March 23, it resulted in a severe defeat and retreat of the Piedmontese (Sardinian) army.

An uneasy armistice made in 1848 between Austria and Sardinia lasted less than seven months, before Charles Albert, King of Sardinia, denounced the truce on March 12, 1849. The Austrian army took the military initiative in Lombardy. Under the command of Field Marshal Joseph Radetzky von Radetz, it seized the fortress town of Mortara.

The seizure of Mortara led to a battle between Austrian and Piedmontese troops at Novara, 28 miles (45 km) west of Milan. 70,000 Austrian troops, more disciplined than the 85,000 Piedmontese, thoroughly routed their opponent as they had at the Battle of Custoza the previous year. Piedmont also suffered from a lack of support from the smaller Italian states.

The Piedmontese were driven back to Borgomanero at the foot of the Alps, and the Austrian forces occupied Novara, Vercelli and Trino, with the road to the Piedmontese capital, Turin, lying open to them.

Austrian general Baron Julius von Haynau subdued Brescia, 54 miles NE of Milan, and Charles Albert abdicated in favor of his son Victor Emmanuel, who would later become the first king of a unified Italy. Friedrich Engels wrote that "after this defeat, a revolution and proclamation of a republic in Turin is expected arises from the fact that the attempt is being made to prevent it by the abdication of Charles Albert in favour of his eldest son."[1] A Piedmontese Republic was not created, though a Roman Republic had already been proclaimed in February, and there existed one in Venice as well. Charles Albert exiled himself to Oporto, Portugal, and died shortly thereafter.

A peace treaty was signed on August 9. Piedmont was forced to pay an indemnity of 65 million francs to Austria.

[edit] Trivia

A reenactment of the battle occurs every year.[2]

The Austrian frigate Novara, which went on a round-the-world scientific expedition between 1857 and 1859, was named after this Austrian victory.[3]

[edit] References

• Eggenberger, David (1967). A Dictionary of Battles. New York: Thomas Y. Crowell, p. 313. 
• Moro, Roberto, and Claudio Recupito, La Battaglia di Novara. (Italian)