Banyumasan language

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Banyumasan Basa mBanyumasan
Spoken in:	Western Part of Central Java (Indonesia)
Total speakers:	12–15 million
Language family:	Austronesian  Malayo-Polynesian   Western Malayo-Polynesian    Sundic     Javanese      Banyumasan
Language codes
ISO 639-1:	jv
ISO 639-2:	jav
ISO 639-3:	jav — Javanese
Note: This page may contain IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode. See IPA chart for English for an English-​based pronunciation key.

In modern language classification, the Banyumasan language is usually considered a dialect of Javanese.

The Banyumasan language is mainly spoken in the three areas of the island of Java: the Banyumasan region, located in westernmost Central Java Province and surrounding the Slamet mountain and Serayu river; a neighboring area inside West Java Province; and northern region of Banten Province. This area includes Majenang, Cilacap, Gombong, Kebumen, Banjarnegara, Purbalingga, Purwokerto, Bumiayu, Slawi, Pemalang, Tegal, Brebes and the Cirebon/Indramayu region.

The Banyumasan language belongs to the Sundic sub-branch of the Western Malayo-Polynesian (also called Hesperonesian) branch of the Malayo-Polynesian subfamily of the Austronesian super family. It is a close linguistic relative of Malay, Sundanese, Madurese, Balinese, and to a lesser extent of various Sumatran and Borneo languages, including Malagasy.

Contents 1 History 2 Politeness 3 Dialects and sub-dialects 4 See also 5 External links

[edit] History

Scholars divide the development of Javanese language into four different stages:

• 9th - 13th century known as Old Javanese
• 13th - 16th century developed to Middle Javanese
• 16th - 20th century developed to New Javanese
• 20th century - nowadays, as one of Modern Javanese.

The phases above were influenced by the emerge of empires in Java. In Javanese cultural history, empires yielded some distinct grades of language, each grade representing the social grade of the speakers (mainly nobles and populaces). Those grades of language are not of significant influence to Banyumasan people. In the Banyumasan region, high grades are usually used only when speaking to a stranger assumed to come from the eastern area of Java i.e. Yogyakarta / Surakarta etc, or on certain occasions. Surakartan and Yogyakartan style are usually considered the standard Javanese language.

Banyumasan has a lot of differences compared to standard Javanese, mainly in phonology, pronunciation and vocabulary. This happened due to cultural or character distinction and widely current usage of Old Javanese vocabulary. Another distinction is that the pronunciation of the vowels is not as complicated.

Vocabulary distinction basically found in:

• Same word and phonetic but different meaning
• Same word and meaning but different phonetic
• Same phonetic and meaning but different pronunciation (changed on consonant or vowel).

Banyumasan Language	Standard Javanese	English
ageh	ayo	come on
ambring	sepi	lonely
batir	kanca	friend
bangkong	kodok	frog
bengel	mumet	dizzy
bodhol	rusak	broken
brug	kreteg	bridge
bringsang	sumuk	heat
gering	kuru	thin
clebek	kopi	coffee
dholog	alon	slow
druni	medhit	stingy
dhonge	kudune	should be
egin	isih	still
gableg	duwe	have
getug	tekan	arrive
gigal	tiba	fall
gili	dalan	road
gujih	rewel	fussy
jagong	lungguh	sit
kiye	iki	this
kuwe	iku	that
letek	asin	salty
maen	apik	good
maregi	nyebeli	badly

[edit] Politeness

Javanese speech varies depending on social context, yielding three distinct styles, or registers. Each style employs its own vocabulary, grammatical rules and even prosody. This is not unique to Javanese; neighbouring Austronesian languages as well as East Asian languages such as Korean, Japanese and Thai share similar constructions.

In Javanese these styles are called:

1. Ngoko is informal speech, used between friends and close relatives. It is also used by persons of higher status to persons of lower status, such as elders to younger people or bosses to subordinates.
2. Madya is the intermediary form between ngoko and krama. An example of the context where one would use madya is an interaction between strangers on the street, where one wants to be neither too formal nor too informal.
3. Krama is the polite and formal style. It is used between persons of the same status who do not wish to be informal. It is also the official style for public speeches, announcements, etc.

In Banyumasan region, Madya and Krama styles are rarely used, usually towards a stranger who is assumed to come from the eastern area of Java (wetanan) such as Yogyakarta, Surakarta etc or on certain occasions, an eastern style of language (basa wetanan) named bandhekan (from gandhek).

[edit] Dialects and sub-dialects

There are 4 main dialects of Banyumasan language: North area (Tegalan), South area (Banyumasan), Cirebonan and Banten. The Tegalan dialect is spoken in northern areas of Banyumasan: Tanjung, Ketanggungan, Larangan, Brebes, Slawi, Moga, Pemalang, Surodadi and Tegal. The Banyumasan dialect is spoken in southern areas: Bumiayu, Karang Pucung, Cilacap, Nusakambangan Island, Kroya, Ajibarang, Purwokerto, Purbalingga, Bobotsari, Banjarnegara, Purwareja, Kebumen and Gombong. The Cirebonan dialect is spoken in Cirebon and Indramayu. The Banten dialect is spoken in north Banten.

In addition, there are several sub-dialects spoken in Banyumasan, such as Bumiayu sub-dialect, Dayeuhluhur sub-dialect, and Ayah sub-dialect.

[edit] See also

• Javanese script
• Java (island)
• Hans Ras
• Banyumasan

[edit] External links

• Javanese Writing System