Baltimore Oriole

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Baltimore Oriole

Conservation status
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Passeriformes
Family: Icteridae
Genus: Icterus
Species: I. galbula
Binomial name
Icterus galbula
(Linnaeus, 1758)
For other uses, see Baltimore Oriole (disambiguation).

The Baltimore Oriole, Icterus galbula, is a small icterid blackbird, 18 cm long and weighing 34 g.

Adults have a pointed bill and white bars on the wings. The adult male is orange on the underparts, shoulder patch and rump with black everywhere else. The adult female is yellow-brown on the upper parts with darker wings, dull orange on the breast and belly.

Their breeding habitat is the edges of deciduous and mixed woods across eastern North America. The range of this bird overlaps with that of the similar Bullock's Oriole in the midwest, and the two forms are sometimes considered to be conspecific under the name Northern Oriole because they form fertile hybrids. The nest is a tightly woven pouch located on the end of a branch, hanging down on the underside.

These birds migrate in flocks to southern Mexico, Central America and northern South America. Some birds may remain near feeders in winter.

The Baltimore Oriole is a rare vagrant to western Europe, and there are a couple of British records of birds wintering near garden feeders, including one in Oxford in December 2003. Perhaps the most remarkable record was one on 7th-8 October 2001, which was very appropriately found in Baltimore, Co. Cork, Ireland, the first record of the species in Ireland.

These birds forage in trees and shrubs, also making short flights to catch insects. They mainly eat insects, berries and nectar, and are often seen sipping at hummingbird feeders. Oriole feeders contain essentially the same food as hummingbird feeders, but are designed for orioles, and are orange instead of red and have larger perches. The birds are also fond of halved oranges.

This bird got its name because the male's colours resemble those on the coat of arms of Lord Baltimore. The American League baseball club, the Baltimore Orioles (of Baltimore, Maryland), were named after this bird. This is the state bird of Maryland.

The male sings a loud fluty whistle that often gives away the bird's location before any sighting can be made.

Contents

[edit] References

[edit] External links

[edit] Further reading

[edit] Book

  • Rising, J. D., and N. J. Flood 1998. Baltimore Oriole (Icterus galbula). In The Birds of North America, No. 384 (A. Poole and F. Gill, eds.). The Birds of North America, Inc., Philadelphia, PA.

[edit] Thesis

  • Allen ES. Ph.D. (2002). Long-term hybridization and the maintenance of species identity in orioles (Icterus). Indiana University, United States -- Indiana.
  • Brown BT. Ph.D. (1987). Ecology of riparian breeding birds along the Colorado River in Grand Canyon, Arizona. The University of Arizona, United States -- Arizona.
  • Butcher GS. Ph.D. (1984). SEXUAL COLOR DIMORPHISM IN ORIOLES (THE GENUS ICTERUS): TESTS OF COMMUNICATION HYPOTHESES (BIRDS, BEHAVIOR, BREEDING BIOLOGY). University of Washington, United States -- Washington.
  • Irwin RE. Ph.D. (1989). A comparative study of sexual selection on song repertoire size in the avian subfamily Icterinae (Passeriformes:Emberizidae). University of Michigan, United States -- Michigan.
  • Laudenslayer WFJ. Ph.D. (1981). HABITAT UTILIZATION BY BIRDS OF THREE DESERT RIPARIAN COMMUNITIES. Arizona State University, United States -- Arizona.
  • Neudorf DL. M.Sc. (1991). Nest defense in four host species of the brown-headed cowbird (Molothrus ater). The University of Manitoba (Canada), Canada.
  • Parry D. M.Sc. (1994). The impact of predators and parasitoids on natural and experimentally created populations of forest tent caterpillar, Malacosoma disstria Hubner (Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae). University of Alberta (Canada), Canada.
  • Rising JD. Ph.D. (1968). SYSTEMATIC AND EVOLUTIONARY ASPECTS OF INTERBREEDING BETWEEN THE ORIOLES,ICTERUS GALBULA AND I. BULLOCKII IN NORTH AMERICA. University of Kansas, United States -- Kansas.
  • Underwood TJ. Ph.D. (2004). Proximate and ultimate influences on egg recognition and rejection behaviour in response to avian brood parasitism. The University of Manitoba (Canada), Canada.
  • Williams PL. Ph.D. (1988). Spacing behavior and related features of social organization in Northern Orioles of centraloastal California. University of California, Berkeley, United States -- California.

[edit] Articles

  • Beletsky LD. (1982). Vocal Behavior of the Northern Oriole Icterus-Galbula-Galbula. Wilson Bull. vol 94, no 3. p. 372-381.
  • Biermann GC & Sealy SG. (1985). Seasonal Dynamics of Body Mass of Insectivorous Passerines Breeding on the Forested Dune Ridge Delta-Marsh Manitoba Canada. Canadian Journal of Zoology. vol 63, no 7. p. 1675-1682.
  • Blankespoor HD, Esch GW & Johnson WC. (1985). Some Observations on the Biology of Collyriclum-Faba. Journal of Parasitology. vol 71, no 4. p. 469-471.
  • Bochkov AV & Galloway TD. (2001). Parasitic cheyletoid mites (Acari: Cheyletoidea) associated with passeriform birds (Aves: Passeriformes) in Canada. Canadian Journal of Zoology. vol 79, no 11. p. 2014-2028.
  • Brawn JD. (2006). Effects of restoring oak savannas on bird communities and populations. Conservation Biology. vol 20, no 2. p. 460-469.
  • Brown BT & Trosset MW. (1989). Nesting-Habitat Relationships of Riparian Birds Along the Colorado River in Grand Canyon Arizona USA. Southw Natural. vol 34, no 2. p. 260-270.
  • Browning MR. (1975). FIRST OREGON SPECIMEN OF ICTERUS-GALBULA-GALBULA. Auk. vol 92, no 1. p. 162-163.
  • Butcher GS. (1981). Northern Orioles Icterus-Galbula-Bullockii Disappear with Mount St-Helens Washington USA Ashfall. Murrelet. vol 62, no 1. p. 15-16.
  • Butcher GS. (1984). The Predator-Deflection Hypothesis for Sexual Color Dimorphism a Test on the Northern Oriole Icterus-Galbula-Bullockii. Animal Behaviour. vol 32, no 3. p. 925-926.
  • Butcher GS. (1991). Mate Choice in Female Northern Orioles with a Consideration of the Role of the Black Male Coloration in Female Choice. Condor. vol 93, no 1. p. 82-88.
  • Conover MR. (1982). Behavioral Techniques to Reduce Bird Damage to Blueberries Methiocarb and a Hawk Kite Predator Model. Wildlife Society Bulletin. vol 10, no 3. p. 211-216.
  • Conway WC, Smith LM & Bergan JF. (2002). Avian use of Chinese tallow seeds in coastal Texas. Southw Natural. vol 47, no 4. p. 550-556.
  • Corbin KW & Sibley CG. (1977). Rapid Evolution in Orioles of the Genus Icterus. Condor. vol 79, no 3. p. 335-342.
  • Corbin KW, Sibley CG & Ferguson A. (1979). Genic Changes Associated with the Establishment of Sympatry in Orioles of the Genus Icterus. Evolution. vol 33, no 2. p. 624-633.
  • Davis CA. (2005). Breeding bird communities in riparian forests along the Central Platte River, Nebraska. Great Plains Research. vol 15, no 2. p. 199-211.
  • Davis MA, Peterson DW, Reich PB, Crozier M, Query T, Mitchell E, Huntington J & Bazakas P. (2000). Restoring savanna using fire: Impact on the breeding bird community. Restor Ecol. vol 8, no 1. p. 30-40.
  • Dixon KL. (1989). Contact Zones of Avian Congeners on the Southern Great Plains USA. Condor. vol 91, no 1. p. 15-22.
  • Edinger BB. (1988). Extra-Pair Courtship and Copulation Attempts in Northern Orioles. Condor. vol 90, no 3. p. 546-554.
  • Falardeau G & Desgranges JL. (1991). HABITAT SELECTION AND RECENT FLUCTUATIONS IN POPULATIONS OF FARMLAND BIRDS IN QUEBEC. Can Field-Nat. vol 105, no 4. p. 469-482.
  • Flood NJ. (1984). Adaptive Significance of Delayed Plumage Maturation in Male Northern Orioles Icterus-Galbula. Evolution. vol 38, no 2. p. 267-279.
  • Flood NJ. (1985). INCIDENCES OF POLYGYNY AND EXTRAPAIR COPULATION IN THE NORTHERN ORIOLE. Auk. vol 102, no 2. p. 410-413.
  • Flood NJ. (1990). Aspects of the Breeding Biology of Audubon's Oriole. J Field Ornithol. vol 61, no 3. p. 290-302.
  • Freeman S & Zink RM. (1995). A phylogenetic study of the blackbirds based on variation in mitochondrial DNA restriction sites. Syst Biol. vol 44, no 3. p. 409-420.
  • Graf RL & Greeley F. (1976). NESTING-SITE OF NORTHERN ORIOLE IN AMHERST, MASSACHUSETTS. Wilson Bull. vol 88, no 2. p. 359-360.
  • Greenberg R, Bichier P & Sterling J. (1997). Bird populations in rustic and planted shade coffee plantations of eastern Chiapas, Mexico. Biotropica. vol 29, no 4. p. 501-514.
  • Hobson KA & Sealy SG. (1987). COWBIRD EGG BURIED BY A NORTHERN ORIOLE. J Field Ornithol. vol 58, no 2. p. 222-224.
  • Hubbard GB, Schmidt RE, Eisenbrandt DL, Witt WM & Fletcher KC. (1985). Fungal Infections of Ventriculi in Captive Birds. Journal of Wildlife Diseases. vol 21, no 1. p. 25-28.
  • Jobin B, DesGranges J-L & Boutin C. (1998). Farmland habitat use by breeding birds in Southern Quebec. Canadian Field Naturalist. vol 112, no 4. p. 611-618.
  • Kerlinger P & Doremus C. (1981). Habitat Disturbance and the Decline of Dominant Avian Species in Pine Barrens of the Northeastern USA. American Birds. vol 35, no 1. p. 16-20.
  • Kondo B, Baker JM & Omland KE. (2004). Recent speciation between the Baltimore Oriole and the Black-backed Oriole. Condor. vol 106, no 3. p. 674-680.
  • Labedz TE. (1984). Age and Reproductive Success in Northern Orioles Icterus-Galbula. Wilson Bull. vol 96, no 2. p. 303-305.
  • Lambert C. (1992). Winter northern oriole in Tucker, Dekalb County, Georgia. Oriole. vol 57, no 1-4.
  • Mackenzie DI, Sealy SG & Sutherland GD. (1982). Nest Site Characteristics of the Avian Community in the Dune Ridge Forest Delta Marsh Manitoba Canada a Multi Variate Analysis. Canadian Journal of Zoology. vol 60, no 9. p. 2212-2223.
  • Marr NV. (1985). Gopher Snake Pituophis-Melanoleucus Preys on Northern Oriole Icterus-Galbula Nestlings. Murrelet. vol 66, no 3. p. 95-97.
  • Martinez Del Rio C & Eguiarte LE. (1987). Bird Visitation to Agave-Salmiana Comparisons among Hummingbirds and Perching Birds. Condor. vol 89, no 2. p. 357-363.
  • Matson RH. (1989). Distribution of the Testis-Specific Ldh-X among Avian Taxa with Comments on the Evolution of the Ldh Gene Family. Systematic Zoology. vol 38, no 2. p. 106-115.
  • Neudorf DL & Sealy SG. (1992). Reactions of four passerine species to threats of predation and cowbird parasitism: Enemy recognition or generalized responses?. Behaviour. vol 123, no 1-2. p. 84-105.
  • Omland KE, Lanyon SM & Fritz SJ. (1999). A molecular phylogeny of the new world orioles (Icterus): The importance of dense taxon sampling. Mol Phylogenet Evol. vol 12, no 2. p. 224-239.
  • Palmer T. (1992). Population Changes in a Long-Term Northern Oriole Winter Roost in Central Florida. Florida Field Naturalist. vol 20, no 1. p. 18-20.
  • Parry D, Spence JR & Volney WJA. (1997). Responses of natural enemies to experimentally increased populations of the forest tent caterpillar, Malacosoma disstria. Ecol Entomol. vol 22, no 1. p. 97-108.
  • Perkins MW, Johnson RJ & Blankenship EE. (2003). Response of riparian avifauna to percentage and pattern of woody cover in an agricultural landscape. Wildlife Society Bulletin. vol 31, no 3. p. 642-660.
  • Pleasants BY. (1979). Adaptive Significance of the Variable Dispersion Pattern of Breeding Northern Orioles. Condor. vol 81, no 1. p. 28-34.
  • Quay WB. (1989). Timing of Sperm Releases and Inseminations in Resident Emberizids a Comparative Study. Condor. vol 91, no 4. p. 941-961.
  • Quinn JS, Guglich E, Seutin G, Lau R, Marsolais J, Parna L, Boag PT & White BN. (1992). Characterization and Assessment of an Avian Repetitive DNA Sequence as an Icterid Phylogenetic Marker. Genome. vol 35, no 1. p. 155-162.
  • Richardson DS & Bolen GM. (1999). A nesting association between semi-colonial Bullock's orioles and yellow-billed magpies: evidence for the predator protection hypothesis. Behav Ecol Sociobiol. vol 46, no 6. p. 373-380.
  • Richardson DS & Burke T. (1999). Extra-pair paternity in relation to male age in Bullock's orioles. Mol Ecol. vol 8, no 12. p. 2115-2126.
  • Richardson DS & Burke T. (2001). Extrapair paternity and variance in reproductive success related to breeding density in Bullock's orioles. Animal Behaviour. vol 62, p. 519-525.
  • Rising JD. (1973). MORPHOLOGICAL VARIATION AND STATUS OF ORIOLES, ICTERUS-GALBULA, I-BULLOCKII, AND I-ABEILLEI, IN NORTHERN GREAT PLAINS AND IN DURANGO, MEXICO. Can J Zool-Rev Can Zool. vol 51, no 12. p. 1267-1273.
  • Rising JD. (1996). The stability of the oriole hybrid zone in Western Kansas. Condor. vol 98, no 3. p. 658-663.
  • Rohwer S & Johnson MS. (1992). SCHEDULING DIFFERENCES OF MOLT AND MIGRATION FOR BALTIMORE AND BULLOCKS ORIOLES PERSIST IN A COMMON ENVIRONMENT. Condor. vol 94, no 4. p. 992-994.
  • Rosenberg KV, Ohmart RD & Anderson BW. (1982). Community Organization of Riparian Breeding Birds Response to an Annual Resource Peak. Auk. vol 99, no 2. p. 260-274.
  • Roskaft E, Rohwer S & Spaw CD. (1993). COST OF PUNCTURE EJECTION COMPARED WITH COSTS OF REARING COWBIRD CHICKS FOR NORTHERN ORIOLES. Ornis Scandinavica. vol 24, no 1. p. 28-32.
  • Rothstein SI. (1977). COWBIRD PARASITISM AND EGG RECOGNITION OF NORTHERN ORIOLE. Wilson Bull. vol 89, no 1. p. 21-32.
  • Rothstein SI. (1978). Mechanisms of Avian Egg Recognition Additional Evidence for Learned Components. Animal Behaviour. vol 26, no 3. p. 671-677.
  • Schaefer VH. (1980). Geographic Variation in the Insulative Qualities of Nests of the Northern Oriole Icterus-Galbula. Wilson Bull. vol 94, no 4. p. 466-474.
  • Schemske DW. (1975). TERRITORIALITY IN A NECTAR FEEDING NORTHERN ORIOLE IN COSTA-RICA. Auk. vol 92, no 3. p. 594-595.
  • Sealy SG. (1979). Prebasic Molt of the Northern Oriole Icterus-Galbula. Canadian Journal of Zoology. vol 57, no 7. p. 1473-1478.
  • Sealy SG. (1980). Reproductive Responses of Northern Orioles Icterus-Galbula to a Changing Food Supply. Canadian Journal of Zoology. vol 58, no 2. p. 221-227.
  • Sealy SG. (1994). OBSERVED ACTS OF EGG DESTRUCTION, EGG REMOVAL, AND PREDATION ON NESTS OF PASSERINE BIRDS AT DELTA MARSH, MANITOBA. Can Field-Nat. vol 108, no 1. p. 41-51.
  • Sealy SG. (1996). Evolution of host defenses against brood parasitism: Implications of puncture-ejection by a small passerine. Auk. vol 113, no 2. p. 346-355.
  • Sealy SG & Neudorf DL. (1995). Male northern orioles eject cowbird eggs: Implications for the evolution of rejection behaviour. Condor. vol 97, no 2. p. 369-375.
  • Searcy WA & Yasukawa K. (1981). Sexual Size Dimorphism and Survival of Male and Female Blackbirds Icteridae. Auk. vol 98, no 3. p. 457-465.
  • Skowron C & Kern M. (1980). The Insulation in Nests of Selected North American Song Birds. Auk. vol 97, no 4. p. 816-824.
  • Steinegger DH, Aguero DA, Johnson RJ & Eskridge KM. (1991). MONOFILAMENT LINES FAIL TO PROTECT GRAPES FROM BIRD DAMAGE. Hortscience. vol 26, no 7. p. 924-924.
  • Stephen BH, Dawn MB, Ken AE, Michael DC & Lyle F. (2004). Partial cutting of woodlots in an agriculture-dominated landscape: effects on forest bird communities. Canadian Journal of Forest Research. vol 34, no 12. p. 2467.
  • Swiderski J. (2002). A winter Baltimore Oriole flock in Valdosta, Georgia. Oriole. vol 67, no 1-2.
  • Underwood TJ & Sealy SG. (2006). Grasp-ejection in two small ejecters of cowbird eggs: a test of bill-size constraints and the evolutionary equilibrium hypothesis. Animal Behaviour. vol 71, p. 409-416.
  • Zegers DA, May S & Goodrich LJ. (2000). Identification of nest predators at farm/forest edge and forest interior sites. J Field Ornithol. vol 71, no 2. p. 207-216.
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