Backmasking

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Backmasking (also incorrectly known as backward masking or backwards masking[1]) is a recording technique in which a message is recorded backwards onto a track that is meant to be played forwards. Backmasking is a deliberate process, whereas a backward message may be unintentional. Backmasking has been a source of much controversy, especially related to supposed subliminal messages in rock music.

Contents

[edit] History

[edit] Development of backmasking

In 1877, the gramophone was invented, allowing recorded music to be played back.[2] In addition to playing gramophone records forwards, one could create new sounds by placing the needle on the record and spinning it counter-clockwise.[3]

Tape recorders allowed backwards recording in recording studios.
Tape recorders allowed backwards recording in recording studios.

The 1950s saw the development of musique concrète, an avant-garde form of electronic music which involves editing together fragments of natural and industrial sounds, and the spread of the use of tape recorders in recording studios.[4] These two trends led to tape music compositions, which are composed on tape using techniques including reverse tape effects.[2]

Johnny Cash's first number one hit, "I Walk the Line" (1956), was derived from a melody that resulted from an accidental tape reversal.[5] The actual studio track, however, does not contain any backwards recording.

The first known instance of backwards recording is in "They're Coming to Take Me Away Ha-Haaa!", a 1966 novelty song by Napoleon XIV. The B-side of the release is a reversed version of the complete forwards version.[6]

Revolver, the first album to feature backmasking
Revolver, the first album to feature backmasking

The Beatles, who incorporated the techniques of concrète into their recordings, were responsible for popularizing the concept of backmasking.[7] Singer John Lennon and producer George Martin both claim they discovered the backward effect during the recording of "Rain", from 1966's Revolver.[8] Lennon claims that, while high on cannabis, he accidentally played the tapes for "Tomorrow Never Knows" in reverse, and enjoyed the sound. The following day he shared the results with the other Beatles, and the effect was incorporated first into the guitar solo for "Tomorrow Never Knows",[9] and later into "Rain".[10] According to Martin, the band had been experimenting with changing the speeds and reversing the "Tomorrow Never Knows" tapes, and Martin got the idea of reversing Lennon's vocals and guitar, which he did with a clip from "Rain". Lennon then liked the effect and kept it.[11] Regardless, "Rain" was the first popular music track to feature a true backmasked message.

[edit] Backmasking rumors

The Beatles were involved in the spread of backmasking both as a recording technique and as a controversy. The latter began in the autumn of 1969, when WKNR-FM DJ Russell Gibb received a phone call from a student at Eastern Michigan University who identified himself as "Tom". The caller asked Gibb about a rumor that Beatle Paul McCartney had died, and claimed that the Beatles song "Revolution 9" contained a backward message confirming the rumor. Gibb played the song backwards on his turntable, and heard "Turn me on, dead man... turn me on, dead man... turn me on, dead man..."[12] Gibb then found various other clues, and began telling his listeners about what he called "The Great Cover-up".[13] This incident popularized both the "Paul is dead" urban legend and the idea of backmasking in popular music.

Following Gibb's show, many more instances of alleged hidden backwards messages were found (see alleged backmasking). Initially, the search was done mostly by fans of rock music, but in the late 1970s and early 1980s, during the rise of the Christian right,[14] some fundamentalist Christian groups began to claim that backmasked messages could bypass the conscious mind and reach the subconscious, where they would be unknowingly accepted by the listener (see subliminal persuasion).[15] In 1982, thirty North Carolina teenagers, led by their pastor, claimed that some singers had been possessed by Satan, who used their voices to create backwards messages, and held a record-burning at their church.[7] The Parents Music Resource Center also advocated against supposed subliminal backmasking,[16] and accused bands including Led Zeppelin and Queen of using backmasking to promote Satanism and drug use.[17]

The furor led to legislation by the state governments of Arkansas and California, and calls for investigations in the legislatures of Texas and Canada. The 1983 California bill made the distribution of records with undeclared backmasking an invasion of privacy for which the distributor could be sued. The Arkansas law, passed unanimously in 1983, referenced albums by The Beatles, Pink Floyd, Electric Light Orchestra, Queen, and Styx,[14] and mandated that records with backmasking include a warning sticker: "Warning: This record contains backward masking which may be perceptible at a subliminal level when the record is played forward."[18] House Resolution 6363, introduced in 1982 by Representative Bob Dornan, proposed mandating a similar label.[19] The bill was referred to the Subcommittee on Commerce, Transportation and Tourism and was never passed.[20]

The compact disc made finding backwards messages difficult, causing interest in backmasking to decline.
The compact disc made finding backwards messages difficult, causing interest in backmasking to decline.

With the advent of compact discs in the 1980s, it became more difficult to listen to recordings backwards, and the controversy died down; however, websites that play songs backward have led to a recent resurgence in interest.[21]

[edit] Alleged backmasking

Many artists have been accused of backmasking, including Led Zeppelin, The Beatles, Pink Floyd, Electric Light Orchestra, Queen, Styx, Judas Priest, Jefferson Starship,[15] Black Oak Arkansas,[15] Britney Spears,[22] Eminem,[21] and Rush.[23].

Following the release of their 1974 album Eldorado, Electric Light Orchestra was accused of hiding a backwards Satanic message in the track "Eldorado": "He is the nasty one / Christ, you're infernal / It is said we're dead men / Everyone who has the mark will live."[19] ELO singer and songwriter Jeff Lynne responded by calling this accusation (and the related charge of being "devil-worshippers") "skcolloB".[24] In addition, the group later included several deliberate backmasked messages in their other albums (see parody messages).

In 1981, Styx was accused of putting the backwards message "Satan move through our voices" on the song "Snowblind", from Paradise Theatre.[14] Songwriter Dennis DeYoung called these charges "rubbish",[25] and responded, "If we want to make a statement, we'll do it in a way that people can understand us and not in a way where you have to go out and buy a $400 tape player to understand us."[26] In 1983, the band released a concept album satirizing the Moral Majority (see parody messages).

A well-known alleged message is found in rock group Led Zeppelin's 1971 song "Stairway to Heaven". If a portion of the song is played backwards, then supposedly words beginning with "Here's to my sweet Satan" can be heard.[27] But Swan Song Records issued the statement: "Our turntables only play in one direction — forwards".[25] And Led Zeppelin vocalist Robert Plant denied the accusations in an interview: "To me it's very sad, because 'Stairway To Heaven' was written with every best intention, and as far as reversing tapes and putting messages on the end, that's not my idea of making music."[28]

[edit] Subliminal persuasion

Further information: Subliminal message

Various fundamentalist Christian groups have claimed that Satan uses backmasked messages to alter behavior. Gary Greenwald, a fundamentalist Christian preacher, claims that backmasked messages can be heard subliminally, and can induce listeners towards, in the case of rock music, sex and drug use.[29] Similarly, Michael Mills claims that "the subconscious mind is being successfully affected by the repetition of beat and lyric, is being affected through a subliminal message."[30] Mills has toured the country warning Christian parents about subliminal messages in rock music.[18]

Judas Priest was sued over alleged subliminal messages in Stained Class.
Judas Priest was sued over alleged subliminal messages in Stained Class.

In 1990, British heavy metal band Judas Priest was sued over a suicide pact made by two Nevada schoolboys. The lawsuit by their families claimed that the 1978 Judas Priest album Stained Class contained hidden messages, including the words "Do it", allegedly audible when the song "Better By You, Better Than Me" was played backwards. The case was dismissed, and the judge's ruling stated that "The scientific research presented does not establish that subliminal stimuli, even if perceived, may precipitate conduct of this magnitude. There exist other factors which explain the conduct of the deceased independent of the subliminal stimuli." Judas Priest members also commented that if they wanted to insert subliminal commands in their music, killing their fans would be counterproductive, and they would prefer to insert the command "Buy more of our records."[31][32][33]

Serial killer Richard Ramirez, on trial in 1988, claimed that AC/DC's music, and specifically the song "Night Prowler" on Highway to Hell, inspired him to commit murder.[34] David John Oates claimed that "Highway to Hell", on the same album, contains backmasked messages including "I'm the law", "my name is Lucifer", and "she belongs in hell".[35] AC/DC's Angus Young responded that "you didn't need to play [the album] backwards, because we never hid [the messages]. We'd call an album Highway To Hell, there it was right in front of them."[36]

[edit] Skepticism

In 1985, university psychologists John R. Vokey and J. Don Read conducted a study using Psalm 23 from the Bible, Queen's "Another One Bites the Dust," and various other sound passages made up for the experiment. Vokey and Read concluded that if backmasking did indeed exist, it was ineffective. Their volunteers had trouble even noticing the backmasked phrase when the tape was played forward, were unable to judge the type of message (whether it was Christian, Satanic, or commercial) it contained, and were not led to behave in any certain way as a result of being "exposed" to the backmasked phrase.[29] Due to this research, Vokey and Read were later called upon as expert witnesses in the aforementioned trial involving the band Judas Priest.

Audio engineer Ev Olcott claims that messages by artists including Queen and Led Zeppelin are coincidental phonetic reversals, in which the spoken or sung phonemes form new combinations of words when listened to backwards.[11] Olcott states that "Actually engineering or planning a phonetic reversal is next to impossible, and even more difficult when trying to design it with words that fit into a song."[16]

Michael Shermer claims that the emergence of the Paul is dead phenomenon, including the alleged message at the end of "I'm So Tired", was caused by faulty perception of a pattern. Shermer argues that the human brain evolved with a strong pattern recognition ability that was necessary to process the large amount of noise in man's environment, but that today this ability leads to false positives.[37]

Stanford University psychology professor Brian Wandell claims that the observance of backward messages is a mistake arising from this pattern recognition facility. Wandell argues that subliminal persuasion theories are "bizarre" and "implausible."[38] Psychology professor Mark D. Allen says that "delivering subliminal messages via backward masking is totally and ridiculously impossible".[39]

[edit] Deliberate backmasking

See also: List of backmasked messages

Many musicians have deliberately recorded backward messages into their songs. Deliberate backmasked messages are unintelligible noise when played forward, but when played backwards are clear speech.[7]

[edit] Satanic references

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Although the Satanic backmasking controversy involved mainly classic rock bands that denied any intent to promote Satanism, some backmasking has been used by metal bands which have employed Satanism in their lyrics or imagery. Though the members of Slayer are not Satanists, they have frequently used Satanic imagery, and the start of their 1985 album Hell Awaits includes a deep backmasked voice chanting "Join Us" over and over at increasing volumes.[40][41][42] Cradle of Filth, who have also employed Satanic imagery, released the song "Dinner at Deviant's Palace", which consists almost entirely of ambient sounds and a reversed reading of the Lord's Prayer[43] (backwards readings of the Lord's Prayer are allegedly used in certain Satanic rites[44]). And Satanic death metal band Deicide's song "Satan Spawn, the Caco-Daemon", from 1992's Legion, contains the backmasked message "Satan spawn, cacodaemon, cacodaemon, cacodaemon, Satan spawn, cacodaemon, cacodaemon, cacodaemon."[43]

[edit] Statements

Backwards messages have also been used to record statements or to avoid censorship. On Roger Waters' 1991 album Amused to Death, Waters recorded a backward message critical of film director Stanley Kubrick, who had refused to let Waters sample a breathing sound from 2001: A Space Odyssey.[45] On "Perfect Sense Part 1", Waters' backmasked voice says, "Julia, however, in light and visions of the issues of Stanley, we have changed our minds. We have decided to include a backward message, Stanley, for you and all the other book burners."[46]

Insane Clown Posse's song "Echo Side" from their 1999 album The Amazing Jeckel Brothers contains the backmasked message, "Fuck the Devil! Fuck that shit! We believe in life legit. If you diggin' what we say, why you throw your soul away?"[47]

Frank Zappa used backmasking both to avoid censorship and to parody charges by the Parents Music Resource Center.
Frank Zappa used backmasking both to avoid censorship and to parody charges by the Parents Music Resource Center.

Backmasking was used by Frank Zappa in his earliest albums to avoid censorship. "Hot Poop", from We're only in it for the Money (1968), contains the backmasked message "Better look around before you say you don't care/Shut your f[censored]ing mouth 'bout the length of my hair/how would you survive/if you were alive/shitty little person?" at the end of side A. This profanity laced verse, originally from the song "Mother People", was censored in the United States release, so Zappa edited the verse out, reversed it, and inserted it elsewhere in the album as a "song" called "Hot Poop." However, even in the backwards message the word "fucking" is censored.[48]

[edit] Parody messages

In response to the Satanic backmasking controversy, various artists recorded messages poking fun at the allegations with over-the-top Satanic messages or exaggeratedly wholesome messages.

Zappa released "Ya Hozna", from 1984's Them or Us, in part as a response to the Parents Music Resource Center controversy, during which he testified at a Senate hearing regarding "porn rock".[49] The song contains various messages in both German and English, made up of distorted outtakes from "Valley Girl", "Lonely Little Girl", and "Sofa #2".[50]

Following accusations of Satanic backmasking in their 1974 album Eldorado (see alleged backmasking), Electric Light Orchestra included deliberate backmasking in two songs on their next album, 1975's Face The Music.[51] "Down Home Town" contains a voice which repeats twice, in reverse, "Pass the mighty waterfall".[52] And the instrumental "Fire On High" contains the backmasked message "The music is reversible, but time is not, turn back! Turn back! Turn back!" (listen (help·info)). Later, in 1983, ELO released an entire album, Secret Messages, in response to the backmasking controversy.[24] Among the many backmasked messages on the album are "Welcome to the big show" (2x),[15] "Thank you for listening", "Look out there's danger ahead", "Hup two three four", "Time After Time", and "you're playing me backwards".[52]

Styx, after being accused of Satanic backmasking, included an actual backmasked message in Kilroy Was Here: "Annuit Cœptis, Novus Ordo Seclorum".
Styx, after being accused of Satanic backmasking, included an actual backmasked message in Kilroy Was Here: "Annuit Cœptis, Novus Ordo Seclorum".

Styx also released an album in response to allegations of Satanic backmasking (see alleged backmasking).[26] The album, 1983's Kilroy Was Here, deals with an allegorical group called the "Majority for Musical Morality" that outlaws rock music.[14] A sticker on the album cover contains the message, "By order of the Majority for Musical Morality, this album contains secret backward messages". One song, "Heavy Metal Poisoning", does in fact contain the backmasked Latin words "Annuit Cœptis, Novus Ordo Seclorum" ("God has favored our undertakings; a new order for the ages") — part of the Great Seal which encircles the pyramid on the back of the dollar bill.[15]

The Christian rock group Petra included in their song "Judas Kiss" a message in response to the backmasking controversy: "What are you looking for the devil for, when you ought to be looking for the Lord?"[15]

The manual for the popular sound program SoX pokes fun at subliminal messages. The description of the "reverse" option says "Included for finding satanic subliminals."
The manual for the popular sound program SoX pokes fun at subliminal messages. The description of the "reverse" option says "Included for finding satanic subliminals."

The electro band Mindless Self Indulgence's 2000 album Frankenstein Girls Will Seem Strangely Sexy contains a song named "Backmask (warning!)" that contains the lyrics (when played forwards) "Play that record backwards/ Here's a message yo for the suckas/ Play that record backwards/ And go fuck yourself." When played backwards, clearly audible reversed speech by Little Jimmy Urine can be heard, including "Respect your parents", "Clean your room", "Do your homework", and "Eat your vegetables".[53]

Two songs by "Weird Al" Yankovic employ deliberate backmasking; only one song of the two has a particular (albeit tongue-in-cheek) demonic reference. In "Nature Trail to Hell", from the 1984 album "Weird Al" Yankovic in 3-D, Al declares that "Satan eats Cheez Whiz". Later, in "I Remember Larry" from the 1996 album Bad Hair Day, Al lightly chastises the listener, remarking, "Wow, you must have an awful lot of free time on your hands."[54]

The Bloodhound Gang included a parody message referencing the aforementioned Judas Priest case on "Lift Your Head Up High (And Blow Your Brains Out)", from 1996's One Fierce Beer Coaster. After the forwards lyrics "I hope you take this the wrong way / And misinterpret what I say / Rewind and let me reverse it / Backwards like Judas Priest first did", a backmasked message is recited in a deep voice: "Devil child will wake up and eat Chef Boyardee Beefaroni".[55]

[edit] Artistic backmasking

Various artists have used backmasking for artistic effect.

Pink Floyd's song "Empty Spaces" has an extended backmasked message: "...congratulations. You've just discovered the secret message. Please send your answer to Old Pink, care of the funny farm, Chalfont."[27][11] (voice in background) "Roger! Carolyne is on the phone!"[56] Many fans believe this line refers to former lead singer Syd Barrett, who suffered a breakdown years earlier.[57] Another interpretation of this is that it foreshadows the progression of Pink (the main character on The Wall) towards insanity and the "funny farm."[56]

The track "Renholdër", on A Perfect Circle's 2000 album Mer de Noms, includes a high-pitched voice saying "Danny Lohner, Danny Lohner". Danny Lohner was an early member of A Perfect Circle. The title, "Renholdër," is "Re: D. Lohner" backwards.[58]

One use of backmasking is to reverse an earlier part of a song. Jay Chou's song "You Can Hear" it, from 1993's Ye Hui Mei, has the backmasked message "Zhi you ni neng ting de dao" ("Only you can hear it"), following the same lyrics forwards.[59] At the Drive-In's song "300 MHz", from the Vaya EP, includes various reversed messages from earlier in the song.[53] Lacuna Coil's "Self Deception", on the 2002 album Comalies, contains a reversed version of the chorus of the song: "I don't know what to do, no guilt is in my heart, I don't know what to do, I'm not the reason"[60] And Missy Elliott's "Work It", from 2002's Under Construction, contains the lyrics "I put my thing down, flip it, and reverse it", once forwards and twice backwards.[47]

[edit] Backwards effects

See also: Reverse tape effects

Though not strictly backmasking, backwards recording of sound effects or instrumental audio is a common technique used by record producers.[61]

Backwards effects are often used to censor words and phrases deemed as inappropriate on radio edits and edited album releases.[62] The Fugees' clean version of the album The Score contains various backmasked swears.[62] Thus, when playing the album backwards, the swears are clearly audible among the backwards gibberish.[63]

Various bands have reversed entire tracks. The Stone Roses have made heavy use of the technique: their eponymous debut album features a track entitled 'Don't stop' which was a backwards version of the preceding track 'Waterfall' overdubbed with new vocals.[64] Three of the bands' other singles, "Elephant Stone", "Made of Stone", and "Where Angels Play", were accompanied by B-sides of the original A-side tracks ("Full Fathom Five", "Guernica", and "Simone") played backwards and overdubbed with new vocals and instrumentation.[65][66] On heavy rock act Korn's track "Am I Going Crazy", from their fourth album, Issues, the recorded music is played forward in one channel and backward in the other.[67]

Though not true backwards recording, the backwards playing of instruments can be used to create a backwards-sounding recording. Part of the David Bowie song "Move On" is his earlier song "All The Young Dudes" played backwards. Bowie stated that "I was playing through some old tapes of mine on a Revox and accidentally played one backwards and thought it was beautiful. Without listening to what it was originally we recorded it note for note backwards".[68] The Stone Roses created the song "Don't Stop" from their self-titled debut album by playing the demo of another song, "Waterfall", backwards, and then adding lyrics that they thought fit to the sound of the song. The 1999 album In Reverse by Matthew Sweet included several reversed guitar parts[69] which were played directly onto a tape running in reverse.[70] For live concerts, the guitar parts were played live on stage using a backward emulator.[71]

Similarly, the BBC Radiophonic Workshop based the audio backing for a science fiction play on reversed voices.[72] Various instruments played backwards were also used by the Radiophonic Workshop in the creation for the theme song of Doctor Who.[73]

[edit] Cultural references

In the Adam Sandler movie Little Nicky, one character attempts to demonstrate a backwards satanic message on an Ozzy Osbourne album. At this point, the title character — one of the devil's sons, played by Sandler — says that "the blizzard always came straight with his messages", but produces a Chicago record and reveals that it clearly says, when played backwards: "I command you, in the name of Lucifer, to spill the blood of the innocent".[74]

[edit] Notes

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  5. ^ Menke, Steve. Johnny Cash - I Walk the Line at Steve Menke.com accessdate=2007-03-30.
  6. ^ van den Bos, Willem. Reverse Speech: A Short Introduction. Archived from the original on 2006-02-27. Retrieved on March 10, 2007.
  7. ^ a b c Robinson, B. A. Backmasking on records: Real, or hoax?. Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance. Retrieved on July 4, 2006.
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  9. ^ 05-20-06 Footnotes. Sound Opinions. Retrieved on March 10, 2007.
  10. ^ Cross, Craig (2005-05-14). The Beatles: Day-by-Day, Song-by-Song, Record-by-Record. iUniverse, 425. ISBN 0595346634. 
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  17. ^ Wachter, Kristi. Ridiculous claims from the PMRC. TOTSE. Retrieved on March 13, 2007.
  18. ^ a b Vokey, John R.; J. Don Read (November 1985). "Subliminal messages: Between the devil and the media". American Psychologist: 1231-9. 
  19. ^ a b Poundstone, William (1983). "Secret Messages on Records", Big Secrets. New York City: William Morrow and Company. ISBN 0-688-04830-7. Retrieved on August 23, 2006.  Chapter also available here.
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  28. ^ Plant, Robert. Interview with J.D. Considine. Life In A Lighter Zeppelin. December 1983. Retrieved on 2007-03-14.
  29. ^ a b Vokey, John R. (2002). "Subliminal Messages", Psychological Sketches (PDF), 6th edition, Lethbridge, Alberta: Psyence Ink, 223-246. Retrieved on July 5, 2006. “[W]e could find no effect of the meaning of engineered, backward messages on listeners’ behaviour, either consciously or unconsciously.” 
  30. ^ Mills, Michael. Hidden and Satanic Messages In Rock Music. Radio interview, 1981. Introduction, at 1:22
  31. ^ Van Taylor, David. KNPB Channel 5 Public Broadcasting, 1982: Dream Deceivers: The Story Behind James Vance Vs. Judas Priest.
  32. ^ Sophia, Cassiel. Subliminal Suicide?. Metareligion. Retrieved on March 17, 2007.
  33. ^ Moore, Timothy. "Scientific Consensus and Expert Testimony: Lessons from the Judas Priest Trial", Skeptical Inquirer, November/December 1996. Retrieved on November 18, 2006.
  34. ^ Watkins, Terry. Rock Music: The Devil's Advocate. Dial-the-Truth Ministries. Retrieved on March 17, 2007.
  35. ^ Von Ulrich, Meyerratken (June 1997). Untitled. Esotera. Translated from German by Evan Galbraith. Edited by Michael George. Retrieved on 2007-03-17.
  36. ^ Young, Angus & Malcolm Young. Interview with Sylvie Simmons. AC/DC Celebrate Their Quarter Century. Mojo. December 2004.
  37. ^ Shermer, Michael. "Turn Me On, Dead Man", Scientific American. Retrieved on February 28, 2007.
  38. ^ Holguin, Jaime. "Backmasking unmasked! Music site's in heavy rotation", Seattle Times, 2006-02-27. Retrieved on February 28, 2007.
  39. ^ Glover, Melanie. "Backmasking: Satan, marijuana and Cheez Whiz", The California Aggie. Retrieved on March 1, 2007.
  40. ^ Giles, Jeff (2007-03-20). The Complete Idiot's Guide to Slayer. Retrieved on March 21, 2007.
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  44. ^ Fuller, Thomas (1863). Good Thoughts in Bad Times, and Other Papers. Ticknor and Fields. Retrieved on March 21, 2007. “Witches are reported (amongst many other hellish observations, whereby they oblige themselves to Satan) to say the Lord's prayer backwards.” 
  45. ^ Simon, Michael. Amused To Death Trivia. Roger Waters International Fan Club. Retrieved on March 17, 2007.
  46. ^ The Message. The Kubrick-Floyd Site. Retrieved on March 17, 2007.
  47. ^ a b Corbin, Dean. Rap/HipHop. Backmask Online. Retrieved on July 25, 2006.
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[edit] See also

[edit] External links

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