Azerbaijan (Iran)

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This article is about the region in Iran; for other uses, see Azerbaijan (disambiguation).

Azerbaijan or Azarbaijan, also Iranian Azarbaijan, Iranian Azerbaijan, or Persian Azarbaijan (Persian: آذربایجان ایران; Āzārbāijān-e Irān; Azarbaijani language: آذربایجان), is a region in northwestern Iran and south of Armenia and the Republic of Azerbaijan.

The region is sometimes called Southern Azarbaijan or South Azerbaijan (Azarbaijani language: گوني آذربایجان, Güney Azərbaycan)[1][2]; however, some Iranian and non-Iranian sources view these as being incorrect and politically motivated.[3][4]. For more information see the article History of the name Azerbaijan.

Contents

[edit] Etymology and usage

Main article: History of the name Azerbaijan

The name Azerbaijan itself is thought to be derived from Atropates,[5] the Satrap (governor) of Media in the Achaemenid empire, who ruled a region found in modern Iranian Azarbaijan called Atropatene.[6] Atropates name is believed to be derived from the Old Persian roots meaning "protected by fire."[7] The name is also mentioned in the Avestan Frawardin Yasht: âterepâtahe ashaonô fravashîm ýazamaide which translates literally to: We worship the Fravashi of the holy Atare-pata.[8]

[edit] Geography

Azarbaijan has an area of 176,512[citation needed] square kilometers and a population of about 10 million[citation needed] (estimates vary). Azeris make up the majority of the population in the Iranian region of Azarbaijan. Azarbaijan is famous for its great natural beauty. There are 17 rivers and two lakes in the region. Cotton, nuts, textiles, tea, machinery and electrical equipments are main industries. The northern, alpine region, which includes Lake Urmia, is mountainous, with deep valleys and fertile lowlands.

[edit] Agriculture

Grains, fruits, cotton, rice, nuts, and tobacco are the staple crops of the region.

[edit] Industrial and Handicrafts

Industries include machine tools, vehicle factories, oil refinery, petrochemical complex, food processing, cement, textiles, electric equipment, and sugar milling. Oil and gas pipelines run through the region. Wool, carpets, and metal ware are also produced.

[edit] People

See also: Azeris in Iran and Iranian theory regarding the origin of the Azerbaijanis

Azerbaijan, the main Turkic-speaking area and one of the richest and most densely populated regions of Iran, presents a picture of ethnic distinctiveness and homogeneity that is perhaps misleading. Not only are there various linguistic, religious, and tribal minority groups, and Azerbaijanis themselves have settled widely outside the region.[9]

The majority of the people of Azarbaijan are Azaris people who are the Turkified descendants of ethnic Iranians. They are followers of Shi'a Islam. There are also Armenians, Assyrians, Kurds, Jews, Georgians, and Persians.

A recent study of the genetic landscape of Iran was completed by a team of Cambridge geneticists led by Dr. Maziar Ashrafian Bonab (an Iranian Azarbaijani).[10] Bonab remarked that his group had done extensive DNA testing on different language groups, including Indo-European and non Indo-European speakers, in Iran.[11] The study found that the Azerbaijanis of Iran do not have a similar FSt and other genetic markers found in Anatolian and European Turks. However, the genetic Fst and other genetic traits like MRca and mtDNA of Iranian Azeris were identical to Persians of Iran.

[edit] Provinces and Cities

Iranian Azarbaijan is divided into the provinces of East Azarbaijan (1996 pop. 3,325,540), West Azarbaijan (1996 pop. 2,496,320), Ardabil. (1996 pop. 1,168,011), and Zanjan. The chief cities include Tabriz (the capital of East Azarbaijan), Urmia (the capital of West Azerbaijan), Ardabil (the capital of Ardabil), Maragheh, Marand, Zanjan, and Khoy (Khvoy). The region is bounded in the north by Armenia and the Republic of Azarbaijan in the historical Iranian territory of Arran and in the West by Lake Urmia and Kurdish-inhabited Areas of Iran.

[edit] History

See also: History of the name Azerbaijan

The oldest kingdom known in Iranian Azerbaijan is that of the Mannea who ruled a region southeast of Lake Urmia centered around modern Saqqez. The Manneans were confederation of Iranian and non-Iranian groups. According to Professor Zadok

“ it is unlikely that there was any ethnolinguistic unity in Mannea. Like other peoples of the Iranian plateau, the Manneans were subjected to an ever increasing Iranian (i.e., Indo-European) penetration.[12] ”

According to Encyclopedia Britannica, the medes were an:

“ Indo-European people, related to the Persians, who entered northeastern Iran probably as early as the 17th century BC and settled in the plateau land that came to be known as Media.[13] ”

By the 8th century BC, Azerbaijan as well as Hamadan, Tehran and Esfahan had been settled by Medes. Azerbaijan later formed the province of Media Minor in the Persian Empire.

After Alexander the Great conquered Persia, he appointed (328 BC) as governor the Median or Persian general Atropates, who eventually established an independent dynasty. Later, the region, which came to be called Atropatene or Media Atropatene, was much disputed. In the 2nd century BC, it was liberated from Seleucid domination by Mithradates I of Arsacid dynasty, and c. AD 226 it became part of the Sassanid Empire of Ardashir I.

Heraclius, the Byzantine emperor, briefly held the region in the 7th century, just before the Islamic Conquest of Iran; Arab invaders converted most of its people to Islam and made it part of the caliphate. After coming to confrontations with the local Kurdish populations who had already established their own dynasties and emirates in vast areas of Azarbaijan, the Persianized Seljuk Turks dominated the region in the 11th and 12th centuries, and the Mongols under Hulagu Khan established (13th century) their capital at Maragheh. After being conquered by Timur in the 14th century, Tabriz became an important provincial capital of the Timurid empire. It was out of Ardabil (Ancient Artavilla) that the Safavid dynasty arose (c. 1500) to renew the state of Persia. There was fierce fighting between the Ottoman Empire and Persia for Azerbaijan. After brief Ottoman control, Shah Abbas the Great, regained control of the region in 1603.

The Iranian provinces of Caucasus, which today constitute the State of Azarbaijan and Armenia were ceded to Russia by treaties of 1813 and 1828. The Soviet forces occupied Iranian Azarbaijan in 1941 and created a very short-lived autonomous, Soviet-supported state in May 1946, which was dissolved after reunification of Iranian Azerbaijan with Iran in November of the same year.[14]

Azerbaijani provinces have played a major in the cultural and economic life of Iran in both the Pahlavi era as well as the Islamic revolution.

[edit] Culture

Azeris are culturally very close to the rest of the Iranians though their language is Turkic. The people of Azerbaijan have similar DNA to other Iranian peoples[10][15] as well as their religion which is Shia Islam. This may be the most important characteristic of the Azeris setting them apart from other Turkic speakers (who are mostly Sunni Muslims). Azeris celebrate Nouruz for the turn of the new Iranian year, the arrival of spring. Azerbaijan has a distinct music in Iran. Many local dances and folk music continue to survive among the various peoples of the provinces. Although Azerbaijani language is not an official language it is widely used, mostly in an oral tradition, among the Azeris in Iran. Many poets that came from Azerbaijan wrote poetry in both Persian and Azerbaijani. Renowned poets in Azerbaijani language are Nasimi, Shah Ismail I (who was known with the pen-name Khatai), Fuzuli, and Mohammad Hossein Shahriar. Fuzuli and Nasimi were probably born outside what is now Iranian Azerbaijan. Azerbaijani was the dominant language of the ruling dynasties of the Turkic rulers of the area such as the Ak Koyunlu and later it was used in the Safavid courts for a short time, until Persian was adopted, however, Turkic was used especially among the Kizilbash warriors.[citation needed] As a longstanding province of Iran (Persia), Azerbaijan is mentioned favorably on many occasions in Persian literature by Iran's greatest authors and poets. Examples:

گزیده هر چه در ایران بزرگان
زآذربایگان و ری و گرگان
All the nobles and greats of Iran,
Choose from Azarbaijan, Ray, and Gorgan.
—Vis o Ramin

از آنجا بتدبیر آزادگان
بیامد سوی آذرآبادگان
From there the wise and the free,
set off to Azarbaijan
—Nizami

بیک ماه در آذرآبادگان
ببودند شاهان و آزادگان
For a month's time, The Kings and The Free,
Would choose in Azarbaijan to be
—Ferdowsi

[edit] References

  1. ^ Encyclopaedia Iranica: "Azerbaijan", viii "Azerbaijan Turkish", Doerfer, G. page 246, (LINK)
  2. ^ Brown, Cameron S. 2002 (Dec.). "Observations from Azerbaijan." Middle East Review of International Affairs: v. 6, no. 4, (LINK)
  3. ^ Michael P. Croissant, "The Armenia-Azerbaijan Conflict: Causes and Implications", Praeger/Greenwood, 1998
  4. ^ Ethnic Conflict and International Security, Edited by Michael E. Brown, Princeton University Press, 1993
  5. ^ Atroapates. Encyclopedia Iranica. [1]
  6. ^ Historical Dictionary of Azerbaijan by Tadeusz Swietochowski and Brian C. Collins, ISBN 0-8108-3550-9 (retrieved 07 June 2006).
  7. ^ Encyclopædia Iranica, "ATROPATES" M. L. Chaumont.
  8. ^ FRAWARDIN YASHT ("Hymn to the Guardian Angels"). Translated by James Darmesteter (From Sacred Books of the East, American Edition, 1898.).
  9. ^ [ http://www.iranica.com/articlenavigation/index.html] Online Encyclopaedia Iranian, page 243 = accessed January 09, 2007
  10. ^ a b "Maziar Ashrafian Bonab" — Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge (retrieved 9 June 2006)
  11. ^ "Cambridge Genetic Study of Iran" — ISNA (Iranian Students News Agency), 06-12-2006, news-code: 8503-06068 (retrieved 9 June 2006)
  12. ^ MANNEA by R. Zadok in Encyclopedia Iranica [2]
  13. ^ "Mede." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2007. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 12 Feb. 2007 <http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9051719>.
  14. ^ Cold War International History Project Virtual Archive 2.0 Collection : 1945-46 Iranian Crisis [3]
  15. ^ "Cambridge Genetic Study of Iran" — ISNA (Iranian Students News Agency), 06-12-2006, news-code: 8503-06068 (retrieved 9 June 2006)

[edit] Colleges and Universities

  1. Sahand University of Technology
  2. Tabriz University of Medical Sciences
  3. Tabriz University of Tarbiat Moallem
  4. University of Tabriz
  5. Islamic Azad University of Tabriz
  6. Islamic Azad University of Shabestar
  7. Islamic Azad University of Maragheh
  8. Islamic Azad University of Miyaneh
  9. Tabriz Islamic Arts University
  10. Azarbaijan University of Tarbiat Moallem, Azarshahr
  11. University College of Nabi Akram
  12. Urmia University of Medical Sciences
  13. Urmia University
  14. Islamic Azad University of Khoi
  15. Islamic Azad University of Urmia
  16. Ardabil University of Medical Sciences
  17. Mohaghegh Ardabili University
  18. Islamic Azad University of Ardabil
  19. Islamic Azad University of Khalkhal
  20. University of Zanjan
  21. Zanjan University of Medical Sciences
  22. Islamic Azad University of Zanjan
  23. Islamic Azad University of Abhar
  24. Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS)

[edit] See also

[edit] External links

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