Auto-antonym

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Further information: wiktionary: autoantonym and wiktionary: contranym

An auto-antonym (or, more properly, autantonym), or contronym (sometimes misspelled contranym) is a word with a homonym that is also an antonym. Variant names include antagonym, Janus word, and self-antonym.

It is a word (of multiple meanings) that is defined as the reverse of one of its other meanings. For example, the word "fast" can mean "moving quickly" as in "running fast," or it can mean "not moving" as in "stuck fast." To buckle can mean "to fasten" or "to bend then break." To weather can mean "to endure" or "to erode." Weedy can mean overgrown (the garden is weedy) or stunted (he is weedy). This phenomenon is also called "enantionymy" or "antilogy."

Autantonyms (in 1960) and contronyms (in 1962) were originally created as language games, by Joseph T. Shipley and Jack Herring, respectively. A related language game, pseudo-contronyms, was created by David Morice in 1987.

Some pairs of contronyms are true homonyms, i.e., distinct words with different etymology which happen to have the same form. For instance cleave "separate" is from Old English clēofen, while cleave "adhere" is from Old English cleofian, which was pronounced differently. Other examples include let — "hinder" (as in tennis) or "allow."

Other contronyms result from polysemy, where a single word acquires different, and ultimately opposite, senses. For instance quite, which meant "clear" or "free" in Middle English, can mean "slightly" (quite nice) or "completely" (quite beautiful). Other examples include sanction — "permit" or "penalize"; bolt (originally from crossbows) — "leave quickly" or "fixed"; fast — "moving rapidly" or "unmoving". Many English examples result from nouns being verbalized into distinct senses "add <noun> to" and "remove <noun> from"; e.g dust, seed, stone. Some contranyms result from differences in national varieties of English; for example, to table a bill means to put it up for debate in British English but means to remove it from debate in American English.

Often, one sense is more obscure or archaic, increasing the danger of misinterpretation when it does occur; for instance, the King James Bible often uses "let" in the sense of "forbid."

An apocryphal story relates how an English monarch described St Paul's Cathedral as "awful, artificial and amusing", meaning "awesome, clever and thought-provoking."

Auto-antonyms also exist in other languages. For example, in French hôte may mean either "host" or "guest", and in Hindi kal /kʌl/ may mean either "yesterday" or "tomorrow" (disambiguated by the verb in the sentence).