Arvo Tuominen
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Arvo "Poika" Tuominen (1894-1981) was a Finnish Communist revolutionary and later a social democratic editor and politician. Poika means "boy" in Finnish. Tuominen was given the nickname in 1920 because of his boyish looks.
Tuominen was born in 1894 in Kuotila near Hämeenkyrö to the family of a rural carpenter. In 1912 he moved to Tampere to become a carpenter's apprentice and soon joined the Social Democratic Party of Finland. During the Finnish Civil War in early 1918, Tuominen sided with the Finnish Red Guards and edited Kansan lehti, a radical social democratic newspaper in Tampere. After the Red Guards were defeated in May 1918, Tuominen and other radical social democratic leaders went to Russia, where they split from the mainstream Social Democratic Party and founded the Communist Party of Finland in Petrograd in August-September 1918.
Tuominen returned to Finland and became a supporter of Otto Wille Kuusinen's faction within the party. In 1921 he traveled to Petrograd, where Kuusinen's adherents, supported by the Comintern leadership, successfully challenged Kullervo Manner's supporters at the next party congress. Tuominen was elected to the party's Central Committee and was put in charge of its Finnish bureau. He returned to Finland, where he was arrested on January 26, 1922 for publishing a proclamation urging Finnish workers to fight on the Soviet side during the Soviet-Finnish conflict over Karelia. He was released in the spring of 1926 and was elected secretary of the Finnish Federation of Trade Unions. The Finnish government arrested him again in April 1928 for maintaining contacts with the Soviet Union and the banned Communist Party.
In late 1932 Tuominen was paroled and received a letter from Kuusinen, who was then one of the Comintern's secretaries and Joseph Stalin's speechwriter, urging him to move to the Soviet Union. Tuominen secretly went to Sweden and then, in April 1933, to the Soviet Union, where he moved into Kuusinen's apartment. He was given a crash course at the Lenin Party School and was appointed General Secretary of the Finnish Communist Party, also becoming a member of the Comintern Executive Committee Presidium.
Tuominen witnessed the Great Purge firsthand until he was able to leave Moscow for Stockholm in early 1938. On November 13, 1939, he was ordered to return to Moscow. Tuominen later claimed that he was being recalled in order to become the head of the Communist government of the Finnish Democratic Republic which Stalin planned to install in Finland. However, according to Tuominen, he refused to obey the order, broke with the Soviet Union and ordered the Communist Party of Finland not to assist the Red Army during the Winter War and to fight on the Finnish side instead. Research by Finnish historian Kimmo Rentola has exposed a somewhat different story. When the Winter War started, Tuominen was initially enthusiastic of the war in expectation of quick Soviet victory. But as the Soviet advance halted and international opinion rallied to Finland's support, Tuominen's doubts started. He began to avoid contacting Moscow, and sent feelers to Finnish social-democrats. It wasn't until after the end of the Winter War when Tuominen took the step of severing his ties with the Soviet Union and started writing anti-communist pamphlets which were given wide-spread publicity in Finland. Tuominen had gone underground in Sweden, and it took some time for Moscow to find out what had happened.
Tuominen remained in Sweden until 1956, when he returned to Finland. He joined the Social Democratic Party and edited its newspaper in Tampere, becoming a member of parliament and publishing five volumes of bestselling memoirs.
Tuominen died in Tampere in 1981.
[edit] References
- Tuominen, Arvo (1983): The Bells of the Kremlin, Hanover and London, University Press of New England, ISBN 0-87451-249-2
- Rentola, Kimmo (1994): Kenen joukoissa seisot? Suomalainen kommunismi ja sota 1937-1945
