Wikipedia:Articles for creation/2006-15-02

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• Declined. Your article appears to be a joke. It might be a wonderful entry in Uncyclopedia, a wiki where jokes and parodies are highly encouraged. But sadly, Wikipedia requires a stodgier, more factual tone in its articles, and your comedic efforts cannot be rewarded here. Hyenaste ^(tell) 01:13, 1 November 2006 (UTC)

Samuel Joeseph Fath was born November 18, 1987. He was born in the wild and was going to be raised by wolves, but when they attempted to feed him he executed the wolf pups and fed on their corpses. The bitches and alpha male were so impressed they bowed before him and begged for mercy. He showed none. Since this time, Samuel unleashed holy hell wherever he went. He was adopted into a household where he slept only an hour a week and the rest of the time was so on edge that the weakest amongst the population tended to explode by mere proximity to his intensity. Others either fell into coma due to shock of these seemingly spontaneous explosions, while others still just sort of learned to tune the violence out. The community was purged of stupidity and actually prospered due to this seemingly unrelenting death. Sam was sent to Vermont where the majority of his peers had some level of coherence. Here, he could not cause as much damage as he did in Alabama where the sheer level of ineptitude was almost sickening. Vermont's highschools refused to challenge Sam enough so he relied on complex mental training while out in the rigors of the Vermont wild. The constant fluxuating weather, dangerous animals, rugged terrain, and simultaneous tranquility brought the all consuming chaos of Samuel together. The wilderness almost reflected the creation of the universe in all its calamity and chaos. Therein, Sam found, that he was almost like a universe. His mind stretched beyond that of normal and he realized things that we cannot comprehend. He almost exploded and created a universe (much like how ours was actually made), but in his sheer power of Will, Sam managed to contain the explosion in hiself and grew a beard. This was truly manly. Truly. Manliness was reborn in Sam. However, like before, its sheer intensity managed to leak out into other people. Like a paladin, his mere presence emboldened people and made men manly. But it leaked out over time. His friends, such as Jay Towne, became truly powerful, while Sam became a bit of a puss. Blowing his money on expensive trips on a girl that would probably never really work out in the end like all college relationships. The amount of money/time equation works out as such:

lim ((Money+time)-(time wasted))/Life life -> 0

Bottom line being... Samuel was selling his existance. He was abandoning parties early, leaving his friends and working all the time to pay off for trips that were wrecking his college life. College, being a source for future employment was thusly taking a backseat in his life. He lost his humor and was no longer as awesome. It was a tragic story. He was a bright star that shone brighter than most but ended quickly. He was buried at the woods where we would like to believe he was at the epitome of all that was Sam and Man. On the very spot furthest from Japan and the woman that destroyed him.

[edit] Sources

132.198.93.254 00:18, 1 November 2006 (UTC)

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Declined, source does not contain relevant information. Hyenaste ^(tell) 01:12, 1 November 2006 (UTC)

Renal sex is literally the act of having sex with your partner or partners' kidneys. It has little acceptance outside of alternative subcultures.

The consensus of the medical community is that renal sex can cause kidney stones, diminished renal activity or in extreme cases renal failure.

[edit] Sources

http://www.kidney.org.uk/Medical-Info/sex-problems/index.html

64.237.198.11 00:25, 1 November 2006 (UTC)

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• Declined. We cannot accept blank suggestions. Please consider submitting to Wikipedia:Requested articles instead. Hyenaste ^(tell) 01:12, 1 November 2006 (UTC)

[edit] Sources

12.215.170.118 01:08, 1 November 2006 (UTC)

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While many learned professors have abandoned hope of ever discovering the truth behind honsbrix, I for one feel that it is still a worthy cause for examination. I really, really like honsbrix. While it has been acknowledged that it has an important part to play in the development of man, honsbrix is featuring more and more in the ideals of the young and upwardly mobile. Inevitably honsbrix is often misunderstood by the over 50, who are likely to form a major stronghold in the inevitable battle for hearts and minds. Keeping all of this in mind, in this essay I will examine the major issues.

Social Factors

Society is a human product. Upon Peter Pinkleton-PishPosh's return to Britain he remarked 'class will refelect the inner hero' [1], he borrowed much from honsbrix. Spanning divides such as class, race and uglyness, honsbrix demonstrates a coherent approach, something so lacking in our culture, that it is not recognised by all.

Special care must be taken when analysing such a delicate subject. On the other hand anyone that disagrees with me is an idiot. It has been said that the one thing in society which could survive a nuclear attack is honsbrix. This is incorrect, actually cockroaches are the only thing which can survive a nuclear attack.

Economic Factors

Increasingly economic growth and innovation are being attributed to honsbrix. We will primarily be focusing on the Inter-Spam model of economics. Annual Military Budget

honsbrix

When displayed this way it becomes very clear that honsbrix is of great importance. In spite of the best efforts of The World Bank the annual military budget looms over honsbrix this cannot be a coincidence. In the light of this free trade must be examined.

Political Factors

Politics has in some areas been seen to embrace an increasing ananiathesis of intergovernmentalism leading to neo-functionalism. Comparing the general view of politics held by the poor of the west with those of the east can be like comparing the two sides of honsbrix.

In the words of award winning journalist Noah Rock 'political change changes politics, but where does it go?' [2] Amazingly, he new nothing of honsbrix until he was well into his thirties. To paraphrase, the quote is saying 'honsbrix wins votes.' Simple as that. Where do we go from here? Only time will tell.

Conclusion

In summary, honsbrix is both a need and a want. It enlightens our daily lives, provides financial security, though honsbrix brings with it obvious difficulties, it is truly honsbrix.

As a parting shot here are the words of super-star Beyonce Zeta-Jones 'I love honsbrix? Yes! Hurray for honsbrix!' [3]

[edit] Sources

[1] Flankton - The Complete History - 1999 Fantastico Publishing

[2] Rock - Roll It Up - 1977 - F. Lower Publishing

[3] Sham Magazine - Issue 124 - Monkey Books

24.43.194.39 01:14, 1 November 2006 (UTC)

• Declined. Neologisms are not considered notable unless they receive substantial use and press coverage; this requires strong sourcing. Links to sites specifically intended to promote the neologism itself do not establish notability. -- moe.RON ^{Let's talk | done} 18:49, 1 November 2006 (UTC)

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Needelonator - Laboratory Device used to accurately place spherical devices an experimental setup without initial conditions.

[edit] Sources

Rochester Institute of Technology, October 31 2006, Laboratory Handout. 129.21.40.153 02:45, 1 November 2006 (UTC)

• Declined. Wikipedia is an encyclopedia, not a dictionary. We cannot accept definitions of words or abbreviations as entries. Please try creating an article at Wiktionary instead. -- moe.RON ^{Let's talk | done} 18:51, 1 November 2006 (UTC)

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[edit] Sources

70.87.207.234 03:15, 1 November 2006 (UTC)

• Declined: Your sources provide no information on the subject itself, only schools and businesses mentioned in the article. Please provide more sources that relate directly to the person in question Harryboyles 05:59, 2 November 2006 (UTC)

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[edit] Introduction

The Green Book has been a prominent source of business information since 1980. Our comprehensive database of information and innovative products satisfy the procurement needs of a wide range of industries and interests.

With its roots in the printed media, The Green Book has a rich 20 year tradition of providing user-friendly sources of business information.

The Green Book has become a trusted name for establishing business contacts for hundreds of thousands of users in Singapore and the rest of the world.

Utilizing the power of the internet, The Green Book has created an online community for buyers and sellers to interact with each other.

From initial sourcing of products right through to an e-commerce transaction, TheGreenBook.com caters to all procurement needs in one place. Whether through the traditional printed directory services or the latest e-business solutions, The Green Book provides an invaluable information source

[edit] The Green Book Mission

To be the leading provider of quality e-business, advertising and information services for local and international markets.

[edit] External Link

The Green Book Directory

• Declined. This suggestion doesn't sufficiently explain the importance or significance of the subject. See the speedy deletion criteria A7 and/or guidelines on web sites. Please provide more information on why the web site is worthy of inclusion in an encyclopedia. Thank you. -- moe.RON ^{Let's talk | done} 19:03, 1 November 2006 (UTC)

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poolatwork is a community movement for like-minded creative individuals. It is a meeting place for ideas and people coming together to contribute to the culture of today

• Declined. We cannot accept unsourced suggestions or sources that are not reliable per the verifiability policy. Please provide sources with your suggestions. -- moe.RON ^{Let's talk | done} 20:29, 1 November 2006 (UTC)

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1. REDIRECT Volkswagen_Type_2

• Declined: The requested redirect does not specifically relate to the Volkswagon in question. Furthermore, Wikipedia is not a dictionary. Harryboyles 06:03, 2 November 2006 (UTC)

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Sweet Delirium are a rock and roll band hailing from the small suburb of cleveland, Brisbane. Consisting of four teenage boys, Some heavy guitar riffs and a vocal melody that will make you want to jump up and dance! Sweet Delirium are truley a unique and indivual act that cannot be missed.

[edit] History

One hot summer day of 2004 Liam Hennessy(vocals, guitar) and his mate Sean Cotteril decided to start a folk band. After realising his heart was not with folk music Liam left the band and called in some of the best national and international musicians in town. (Joe Power, Joey Mcgahan, Justin Giovenco) An early incarnation of Sweet Delirium was born.

After a few months of solid practice the boys recorded the very first E.P titled A JESTER LIFE... This E.P notably became the worlds greatest rock record for a whole 7 weeks. THEN!!! E.P number two came. With a much heavier sound, and vocal lines that will make you want to cry(literally) Sweet Delirium's second release RISE ABOVE will soon make these boys a house-hold name.

[edit] Trivia

Did you know? Bass player Joey Mcgahan is a homosexual, He was caught enjoying sexual activities with another male instead of showing up to band practice.

Did you know? Liam Hennessy has one of the largest Penis's in the world.

Did you know? Joe Power secretly likes to dress up in drag and perform under the name "I.Am.Fukhed"

[edit] Sources

www.myspace.com/sweetdeliriumtheband www.thebestbandever.com Menace to society90 04:38, 1 November 2006 (UTC)

• Declined. We cannot accept unsourced suggestions or sources that are not reliable per the verifiability policy. Please provide sources with your suggestions. -- moe.RON ^{Let's talk | done} 20:32, 1 November 2006 (UTC)

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A politically correct way to refer to a smart person who acts stupid.

[edit] Sources

http://www.urbandictionary.com/define.php?term=re-re

74.111.168.224 07:57, 1 November 2006 (UTC)

• Declined. Wikipedia is an encyclopedia, not a dictionary. We cannot accept definitions of words or abbreviations as entries. Please try creating an article at Wiktionary instead. Harryboyles 06:06, 2 November 2006 (UTC)

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The Whitehall Theatre in London's Whitehall, opened on on the 29th of September 1930 with a play called 'The Way To Treat A Woman' by Walter Hackett. The Theatre was designed by Edward A. Stone with an Art Deco interior by Marc-Henri and Laverdet. The Whitehall Theatre is well known for being the home, in the 50s and 60s, of Brian Rix's 'Whitehall Farces'.

The Theatre was converted in 2003 into two Studio Spaces, and renamed the Trafalgar Studios which opened with the Royal Shakespeare Company's production of 'Othello' on the 3rd of June 2004.

[edit] Sources

86.129.67.29 10:22, 1 November 2006 (UTC)

• Declined. We cannot accept unsourced suggestions or sources that are not reliable per the verifiability policy. Please provide sources with your suggestions. Harryboyles 06:07, 2 November 2006 (UTC)

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rry

[edit] Sources

rty book

193.195.148.238 11:00, 1 November 2006 (UTC)

Tony Mccartney Widely regarded as the greatest maths teacher in Mount Scopus Memorial College long and enthralling history, Tony Mccartney has taught many a class valuable lessons in the mathematical area. He is father to Seamus and others and is curently in his second marriage. Tony Mccartney has taken a particular liking to Jared Nash who has achieved particularly good results in his classes. Tony is known by the students of Mount Scopus Memorial College as 'the king of analogies.'

[edit] Sources

scopus.vic.edu.au 60.224.78.78 11:06, 1 November 2006 (UTC)

• Declined. This suggestion doesn't sufficiently explain the importance or significance of the subject. See the speedy deletion criteria A7 and/or guidelines on biographies. Please provide more information on why the person or group is worthy of inclusion in an encyclopedia. Thank you. -- moe.RON ^{Let's talk | done} 23:41, 1 November 2006 (UTC)

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Hello, Dominic Hillier was bourne in Hammersmith, London, UK on May 25th 1989 He likes music and cheese. LoLz. ly xox He has aloud me to write this and accepts his fate.

[edit] Sources

This is from Dominic Hilliers up-coming book "The Life and Dreams of Dominic Hillier"

195.195.244.154 12:35, 1 November 2006 (UTC)

• Declined. This suggestion doesn't sufficiently explain the importance or significance of the subject. See the speedy deletion criteria A7 and/or guidelines on biographies. Please provide more information on why the person or group is worthy of inclusion in an encyclopedia. Thank you. -- moe.RON ^{Let's talk | done} 23:42, 1 November 2006 (UTC)

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Lewis is this really cool guy. Hes got pink hair and is a really nice guy. Hes in a band lolz www.myspace.com/yellosnow

this is his myspace www.myspace.com/lewisiscool

[edit] Sources

195.195.244.154 12:37, 1 November 2006 (UTC)

• Declined. This suggestion doesn't sufficiently explain the importance or significance of the subject. See the speedy deletion criteria A7 and/or guidelines on biographies. Please provide more information on why the person or group is worthy of inclusion in an encyclopedia. Thank you. Harryboyles 06:08, 2 November 2006 (UTC)

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64.201.33.97 13:23, 1 November 2006 (UTC) Heterosis and Inheritance of Quantitative Characters in a Diallel Cross of Pearl Millet (Pennisetum glaucum L.)

• 1A. U. Izge, A2. M. Kadams and D2. T. Gungula
• Department of Crop Production and Horticulture, School of Agriculture and Agricultural Technology, Federal University of Technology, Yola, P.M.B. 2076,Yola, Nigeria.
• E: mail: (snipped)

ABSTRACT Pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum L.) is a staple food in the dry areas of Nigeria and parts of West Africa and Asia. It possesses desirable agronomic attributes that are associated with its total grain yield. Determination of the gene actions controlling these agronomic yields attributes the level of heterosis and the associations among the parental lines and the crosses would be useful in developing appropriate selection strategies. A nursery experiment was conducted during the dry season of 2003 to March, 2004 at the Lake Chad Research Institute Maiduguri, Nigeria under irrigation with 10 (ten) pearl millet inbred lines to form an F1 population, by crossing in all possible combinations excluding reciprocals through diallel (Griffing’s Method 2 Model 1). The 45 crosses and the 10 parental lines were evaluated during the cropping seasons of 2004 and 2005 at two locations, Maiduguri and Yola, Nigeria in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) indicated that there were significant differences among the entries for most of the traits evaluated. Both additive and non-additive genetic effects were involved in the control of the characters, but non-additive genetic effect was the most important in that regard. This study identified ACC-1022-1-2SPT and SOSAT- C88 as the best parents in total grain yield considering there per se performance. The parents, BONKOK-SHORT, DMR 43, DMR22 and LCIC9702 were identified as the best general combiners in terms of GCA effects. The crosses DMR22 x LCIC9702, DMR43 x LCIC9702, DMR22 x LCIC9703-27, D2P29 x EX-BORNO were observed to have recorded the highest SCA effects. Similarly, the crosses D2P29 x DMR43, DMR22 x LCIC9702, DMR43 x LCIC9702, BONKOK- SHORT x SOSAT-C88 and D2P29 x EX-BORNO were the highest in terms of per se performance. It has been observed however, that some crosses with high SCA effects were also high in per se performance. A fair general parallelism existed in most cases between GCA effects and the performance of the parental lines per se. Similar parallelism also existed between SCA effects and per se performance of crosses and between SCA effects of crosses and levels of higher parent heterosis. Considerable higher parent heterosis was exhibited among the crosses in almost all the characters. Higher parent heterosis of 85.13 % and 114.05 % for yield per plant and total grain yield per hectare respectively, were obtained in this study. There is great potential therefore for the production of hybrid pearl millet varieties. The preponderance of non-additive genetic effect, and the tremendous levels of higher parent heterosis observed among the characters in the parents and the crosses studied would be great assets in choosing pearl millet cultivars for inter crossing and development of varieties and hybrids for commercial production. Key words: Per se performance, additive genetic effect, non additive genetic effect, and high parent heterosis

____________________________________________________________________ Short running title: Genetic study in a diverse population of pearl millet.

INTRODUCTION Pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum L.) is a staple food crop in arid and semi-arid areas of Africa and Asia (Khairwal et al. 1999) Beside as the principal food cereal in arid and semi-arid regions and as forage in Australia, South Africa, South America and the USA, pearl millet has a potential as an early-maturing summer grain crop in temperate regions (Anand Kumar and Andrews, 1993, Yoshida and Sumida, 1996). Pearl millet has high yield potential and responds well to water and soil fertility (Poehlman, 1994). However, several pearl millet varieties exist in West Africa, but they have low grain yields when grown under harsh conditions characterized by poor, eroded soils and low uneven rainfall (Ouendeba et al. 1993). Since the pearl millet varieties grown in arid and semi-arid areas of Africa and Asia have insignificant yield gains, information on the combining abilities and heterosis of diverse breeding population are needed for efficient choice of breeding methods and parental materials to use in developing productive base population. The knowledge on the relative magnitude of genetic variability of the desired agronomic characters within the population is also important. At present information on genetic variability in pearl millet are available (Izge et al. 2005), but information on the combining abilities and heterotic patterns among the pearl millet cultivars that are grown in the Sahel and the Sudan savanna agricultural zones of Nigeria are limited. This information if available would be helpful in the development of a successful breeding program, because mass selection within the pearl millet populations have not increased grain yield significantly. Jauhar, (1981) reported that most breeding procedures in the USA and India in pearl millet are aimed at maximum exploitation of hybrid vigor for both grain and forage yields. Nwasike et al. (1992) and Ouendeba et al. (1993) working independently each on five different cultivars reported significant level of heterosis in pearl millet. Gardener and Eberhart, (1966) and Barker (1978), however, expressed reservation on such results and reported that any diallel involving less than ten parental lines may not give accurate results. The objectives of this study therefore were to determine the general combining ability (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA) variances that will indicate the type of gene action controlling the various agronomic yield traits. The study was also aimed at estimating the GCA effect of parents and the SCA effects of crosses and to identify the level of heterosis among the crosses in all the traits evaluated.

MATERIALS AND METHODS Ten (10) pearl millet inbred lines chosen based on their geographical and genetic diversity were randomly selected and crossed in all possible combinations (diallel) without reciprocals during the dry season of 2003 to March 2004 under irrigation applied to soil field capacity every two three days till maturity, at the Lake Chad Research Institute (LCRI), Maiduguri, Nigeria. The genetic materials were procured from LCRI, Maiduguri and ICRISAT India viz, ACC-1022-1-2SPT, BONKOK-SHORT, DMR43, DMR22, LCIC9702, LCIC9703-27, D2P29, EX-BORNO, SOSAT- C88 and IMV11-3-3SPT. All the 45 crosses (F1) and the ten parental lines were grown for evaluation at two locations, Yola (90 8I N, 120 16I E), in northern guinea savanna and Maiduguri (110 53I 130 16I E), in Sudan savanna agricultural zones of Nigeria. The two locations provide difference in soil type and rainfall representing the two main pearl millet growing areas in Nigeria and indeed West Africa and Asia. The Maiduguri soils are characteristically sandy with a low moisture holding capacity Rayar (1986), while Yola soils are sandy loams with relatively high moisture holding capacity. The weather during the research is characterized by low temperature and dry air that is typical of the harmttan period. The materials were grown in a randomized complete block design (RCBD), with three replications both at Yola and Maiduguri locations during the 2004 and 2005 cropping seasons. The genetic seed materials were planted on 22nd and on 29th of June in 2004 and 2005 respectively at Maiduguri location, while it was planted on 04th and 11th July in 2004 and 2005 respectively at Yola location. The plot size was made up of four rows each 5 m long and spaced 75 cm between rows and 50 cm within stands. Seeds sun dried to 10 % moisture content were sown by hand as a pinch after treatment with Apron-Star WS (Metalaxyl active ingredient) at the rate of 15 g kg -1 of pearl millet seeds. Seeds after germination were thinned to 2 plants per stand at 3 weeks after sowing. Compound fertilizer (N.P.K 27:10:10) at the rate of 60 kg ha-1 was applied in two split doses, one at planting and the other at 5 weeks after sowing. Weed control was done by hoe at three weeks and seven weeks after sowing, according to Onwueme and Sinha (1991). Harvesting was done manually using hoe and knife after the plants have matured. Data collections were done on the following parameters, following the procedure of Nwasike et al. (1992) and Izge et al. (2005). The parameters were; Days to 50 % flowering, number of tillers/plant, number of leaves/plant, downy mildew incidence, plant height, panicle length, number of seeds/panicle, 1000-grain weight, threshing %, grain yield/plant, and grain yield/ha. The statistical analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed based on plot mean values for all the parameters combined across locations and years. The combining ability analysis was done according to Griffing (1956) Method 2 Model 1 using SAS 2005 package from Zhang et al. (2005), based on the following linear additive model: Yijkl =  + Li + Yj + (LY) ij + R (ij) k + El + (LE) il + (YE) jl + (LYE) ijl + є (ijkl). Where Yijkl = observation of any variable in the ith location, jth year, kth replication, of the lth entry;  = over all mean; Li = effect of the ith location, i = 1, 2; Yj = effect of the jth year, j = 1, 2; (LY) ij = location x year interaction; R (ij) k = random error effect of the kth replication nested in locations and years; El = effect of the lth entry, l = 1…55; (LE) il = location x entry interaction; (YE) jl = year x entry interactions; є (ijkl) = random error effect of the ijklth plot observations. The estimation of heterosis as an increase in F1 means over high parent means were expressed as percentage and computed using the formula of Liang et al. (1972) as follows: H = F1 – Hp / Hp x 100, where H = high parent heterosis, F1 = mean performance of crosses (hybrids) and Hp = mean performance of the high parent. RESULTS The mean squares of entries and analysis of variance for combining ability in a 10 x 10 diallel cross of pearl millet combined across locations and years are presented in Table1. The results indicated that highly significant or significant variance difference occurred in most of the characters studied. However, there was no significant difference among crosses, parents, and GCA variance in total grain yield/ha. There was also no significant difference among parents, crosses, and in GCA, SCA, GCA x Location, SCA x Location in grain yield/plant. Similarly, there was no significant difference observed in SCA, GCA x Location, GCA x year, SCA x year, and GCA x year x location in downy mildew incidence. The GCA x location, year x location, year x location x entry and parents x crosses variance interactions were highly significant for days to 50 % flowering. However, SCA x location variance interaction was significant for downy mildew incidence and threshing %. The ratio of GCA to SCA variance however, indicated that the major part of the total genetic variability was due in part by additive genetic effect, but mostly by non-additive genetic effect where ratios were less than unity. The estimates of general combining ability effects for yield and yield components in parental lines of pearl millet combined across locations and years are presented in Table 2. None of he parental lines exhibited any significant GCA effect for total grain yields. None of the parental lines also exhibited significant difference in GCA effects in number of tillers per plant, number of leaves/plant, threshing % and grain yield/plant. The parental line BONKOK-SHORT, exhibited the highest and significant negative GCA effects in days to 50 % flowering, plant height, panicle length and in number of seeds/panicle. Similarly, DMR22 exhibited the highest and significant positive GCA effects in days to 50 % flowering and plant height. The results revealed that BONKOK-SHORT, and LCIC9702 were the best general combiners for earliness, because both the parental lines exhibited highly significant and negative GCA effects for days to 50 % flowering. The result also indicated that DMR43, and DMR22 together are good general combiners for plant height, while DMR43 is a good general combiner for panicle length and number of seeds/panicle. Similarly BONKOK-SHORT is a good general combiner for 1000-grain weight. The result indicated that there is a significant and positive correlations existing between GCA effects and the parental performance per se in all the characters, except number of tillers/plant, grain yield/plant and total grain yield/ha. The estimates of specific combining ability effects for yield and yield components among crosses of pearl millet combined across locations and years are presented in Table 3. The results indicated that ACC-1022-1-2SPT x BONKOK-SHORT exhibited the highest, positive and significant SCA effect only in panicle length. In contrast however, BONKOK-SHORT x D2P29, exhibited the highest and significant negative SCA effect in the same character. The crosses BONKOK-SHORT x SOSAT-C88 and BONKOK-SHORT x EX-BORNO exhibited the highest significant positive SCA effect and the highest significant negative SCA effect respectively in days to 50 % flowering (Table 3). Similarly, highest and negative significant SCA effect for total grain yield was recorded by D2P29 x SOSAT-C88. No positive and significant SCA effects were observed among all the crosses in total grain yield and in yield/plant. The best performing parents and the crosses on the basis of per se performance and their combining abilities for certain characters are presented in Table 4. The result revealed that the best crosses in SCA effects did not always involved one or both of the best general combiners. The crosses with high SCA effects in most cases involved at least one or two of the good general combiners as parents, namely BONKOK-SHORT, DMR43, DMR22, LCIC9702 and D2P29. The result also reveals a good general parallelism between GCA effects and per se performance of parents for most of the characters. A similar trend of good parallelism was also observed between SCA effects and the per se performance of crosses (Table 4). The heterosis of crosses over higher parents for yield and yield components of pearl millet combined across locations and years are presented in Table 5. Positive high parent heterosis ranging between 1.69 to 114.05 % for total grain yield was recorded in forty-two out of the forty-five crosses. The result also revealed high level of high parent heterosis in grain yield/plant. The high parent heterosis of 85.13, 82.46, and 64.83 in the crosses IMV11-3-3SPT x LCIC9702, DMR22 x LCIC9702 and D2P29 x LCIC9702 in yield/plant was recorded. The result also showed that crosses, DMR22 x LCIC9702, EX-BORNO x IMV11-3-3SPT, D2P29 x DMR43, EX-BORNO x LCIC9702, BONKOK-SHORT x IMV11-3-3SPT, and D2P29 x EX-BORNO as had the best high parent heterosis for total grin yield. Of all the crosses, D2P29 x EX-BORNO, BONKOK-SHORT x D2P29, BONKOK-SHORT x IMV11-3-3SPT, DMR22 x IMV11-3-3SPT and EX-BORNO x IMV11-3-3SPT exhibited the highest high parent heterosis in tiller number. The result also revealed, LCIC9703-27 x SOSAT-C88, DMR43 x IMV11-3-3SPT, LCIC9702 x SOSAT-C88, ACC-1022-1-2SPT x BONKOK-SHORT and BONKOK-SHORT x SOSAT-C88 as having the highest and negative levels of high parent heterosis for downy mildew incidence. A positive high parent heterosis of up to 221.8 % of downy mildew incidence was recorded in the cross BONKOK-SHORT x LCIC9702. Generally, tremendous level of high parent heterosis was observed among the population, except in days to 50 % flowering, plant height and 1000-grain weight. The result also indicated significant and positive correlations between high parent heterosis and SCA effects for all the characters, except in number of tillers/plant, plant height, panicle length, and 1000-grain weight (Table 5).

DISCUSSIONS The presence of significant difference among the parental lines and the crosses of pearl millet population studied have been observed in all the characters. The presence of these differences therefore, indicated that an appreciable level of genetic variability existed in the pearl millet population. Falconer (1989) reported that the genetic improvements that can be obtained by selection among a number of parental lines and or crosses are dependent on the amount of variation existing between the population and the amount of selection applied. This therefore implies that the population generated would most likely respond to selection. The combining ability analysis of variance revealed the presence of additive and non-additive genetic effects as important in the control of the characters investigated. However, the ratio of GCA to SCA indicated that the major part of the total genetic variability for most of the characters were mainly due to non-additive genetic effects except for panicle length, number of seeds per/panicle and 1000-grain weight, suggesting that those characters were predominantly under the control of additive genetic effects. Contrasting results were reported by Nwasike et al. (1992), Chawdhary and Singh (1978) and Rao and Joshi (1979). The over all breeding implication of these results suggest that few of the characters of the pearl millet population could be improved through selection schemes like hybridization programs such as recurrent selection, which would necessitate the maintenance of heterozygosity in the population. Dogget and Eberhart (1968), Ahmad et al. (1979) and Kadams, (2000) also made similar recommendation in other self-pollinated crops. Panicle length, number of seeds/panicle and 1000-grain weight were at variance with this conclusion as they were under an additive genetic control. These characters could therefore, be improved through selection schemes such as the pedigree method or single seed descent method or any other modified selection capable of exploiting the fixable genetic variance. Under such a situation, the simultaneous exploitation of additive and non-additive components of genetic effects is advocated. Nwasike and Oyejola (1989) recommended the use of recurrent selection for population improvement in that respect. Since the variance due to GCA was lower than that due to SCA, it also means that non-additive genetic effects were more stable than additive genetic effects over the environments suggesting that more than one test environment is not necessary to get any reliable information on the characters involved among these populations. Similar results were reported by Nwasike et al. (1992). The general combining ability effects helps in identifying desirable parents in order to isolate desirable homozygotes from a segregating population. The highly significant and negative GCA effects displayed by BONKOK-SHORT and LCIC9702 in days to 50 % flowering, implies that these two parents when crossed together would most likely produce early or extra-early maturing crosses. Kimbeng and Nwasike (1994) and Kukadia et al. (1983) reported similar results. The parent D2P29 that was a good general combiner for downy mildew tolerance, because of its negative and significant GCA effect for downy mildew incidence could be suitable for incorporation into a breeding program for downy mildew disease tolerance. The parental line EX-BORNO that was reported by Ouendeba et al. (1993) to be tolerant to downy mildew disease however did not appear to show any significant and negative GCA effect for downy mildew incidence. This could be due in part to difference in the environments in which the two different studies were carried out. It could also be because; downy mildew disease strain in Nigeria has been reported to be the most virulent (Anaso et al. 1998). High level of correlations existing between GCA effects of parents and the parental line per se performance for most of the characters has a serious implication on crop improvement. Singh et al. (1982) reported that crossing two parents having a high general combining ability effects produced best performing crosses. Some authors have however expressed reservation and reported that the performance of a variety per se is not always a good indicator of their superior general combining abilities. Therefore in most cases parents could not be selected easily based on their GCA effects purely on the basis of their performance as varieties. Specific combining ability effects can be used to identify the best cross-combinations for hybrid production. The means (per se performances) of the best eleven crosses as well as the correlation coefficients between the per se performance and the SCA effects shows that the best crosses in terms of SCA effects, involved one or both of the best general combiners, namely BONKOK-SHORT, EX-BORNO, DMR43, DMR22, and D2P29. However, other poor general combiners frequently gave good cross-combinations, when they were crossed with best general combiners. Srivastava et al. (1978) and Kadams (2000), have suggested that when parents with high and low GCA effects are crossed, the poor parent could throw up desirable transgressive segregates giving rise to a new population. However, they added that, this is only possible if the additive genetic system present in the good combiner and the complimentary epistasis present in the crosses act in a complimentary fashion to maximize the desirable plant attributes which could be further exploited in further breeding programs. The corresponding means of the best crosses as well as the existence of high levels of correlation between means and SCA effects for all the characters except, number of tillers/plant, and 1000-grain weight connotes that the per se performance could be used to predict the best crosses, eliminating the cumbersome calculations of SCA effects. The presence of heterosis for different traits of pearl millet has been reported in a number of studies. Virk (1988) and Presterl and Weltzien (2003) gave a detailed review. Most estimates of heterosis were obtained by using diallel with inbred parents as in this study and therefore comparable. Ouendeba et al. (1993) investigated heterosis and combining ability among five African pearl millet landraces in contrast to this study where heterosis were investigated among ten parental lines. Barker (1978) reported that estimate of heterosis and combining ability becomes effective only when the parental lines are not less than ten in a diallel. Negative heterosis for downy mildew incidence in pearl millet is very desirable, implying a possibility of breeding downy mildew tolerant cultivars. Crosses producing higher and negative heterosis in downy mildew incidence were among those that recorded higher negative SCA effects. Chawdhry and Singh (1978) reported similar results where higher SCA effects were reflected in higher heterotic responses among crosses. SCA effects could therefore be used in some cases to predict or identify high level of heterosis among crosses. However, in some instances high heterotic response of a cross does not always mean high performance of the cross as well. This is because high heterosis of a cross may be due to relatively poor performance of one of the parents. Plant height and panicle length are characteristics that are considered by local farmers in choosing pearl millet cultivars in northern Nigeria. Longer plants are useful, since the straws can be used for bedding, building and thatching. Shorter plants on the other hand are also desirable in this particular environment because of their tolerance to strong windy conditions that could cause lodging. The present study identified the crosses, EX-BORNO x SOSAT-C88 and IMV11-3-3SPT x LCIC9702, as having the longest plant height with high levels of high parent heterosis, while ACC-1022-1-2SPT x BONKOK-SHORT as having the shortest plant height. However, DMR43 x IMV11-3-3SPT, IMV11-3-3SPT x LCIC9702 and IMV11-3-3SPT x SOSAT-C88 could be the most desired cross combinations for developing varieties with longer panicle length, because they exhibited high level of high parent heterosis in panicle length. The crosses ACC-1022-1-2SPT x BONKOK-SHORT, D2P29 x LCIC9703-27 and LCIC9702 x LCIC9703-27, recorded high levels of high parent heterosis in 1000-grain weight and could be recommended for increased total grain yield. Significant and positive level of heterosis for 1000-grain weight was reported by Nwasike et al. (1992) in pearl millet. This study concludes that the SCA variance was greater than the GCA variance for most of the characters among the pearl millet population, indicating non-additive genetic effects as the most important in the control of the characters studied. Since non-additive gene action was more important for grain yield, simple recurrent selection that emphasizes selection for SCA could be employed in the breeding program. The study also concludes that an astounding level of variability existed in the population because of the enormous level of high parent heterosis among the crosses, indicating a possibility for the production of pearl millet hybrid varieties.

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Table 1: Mean squares of entries and analysis of variance for combining ability in a 10 X 10 diallel cross of pearl millet, combined across locations (Maiduguri and Yola) and years (2004 and 2005).

Sources of Variation Df Days to 50% flowering. No. of tillers / plant. No. of leaves / plant. Downy mildew incidence (%) Plant height (cm) Panicle length (cm) No. of seeds / panicle 1000-grain wt.(g) Threshing % Grain yield / plant (g) Grain yield (kg/ha) Year 1 12023.465** 38.305** 593.752** 3401.913** 145726.076* 28.546 949319.64 5.447 3858.693** 1150.75* 3050913.91** Location 1 1071.638** 4.583* 2397.824** 150.112 7845.062* 580.81** 85116754.98** 6.875 27001.226** 19806.585** 4662672.07** Rep/Location 4 17.592 1.045 52.585* 295.593* 2957.701* 25.169 593193.8 6.897 403.131* 361.309 611726.71* Crosses 44 23.208** 0.431 21.163 118.894* 1111.802* 92.314** 603710.31 3.847 99.883 131.933 170527.34 Parents 9 18.065 0.689 17.222 107.366 2017.254* 236.531** 1398635.83* 0.899 91.721 77.551 50638.32 Entries 54 48.99** 0.547 30.172** 134.387* 2826.993** 258.329** 1178341.79** 6.663 133.476 165.736* 357260.96** Year X Location 1 765.941** 0.341 3.206 172.626 22256.954** 181.472* 7539570.98* 2.647 18850.53** 9820.694** 10047516.93** Year X Parent 9 8.21 0.201 14.723 43.937 562.82 10.911 444656.85 1.931 73.092 140.796 159736.17 Year X Entries 54 9.79 0.369 8.414 72.742 521.65 16.715 516737.49 2.755 97.526 97.969 113649.56 Year X Location X Entr. 54 20.30** 0.395 14.576 46.714 1122.899** 12.963 801148.59* 3.903 423.607 265.3** 259882.16** Location X Parents 9 26.73 0.377 12.513 139.142 729.174 21.352 628349.37 1.341 82.144 192.587 295204.78* Location X Entries 54 11.02 0.369 14.555 73.158 714.259 14.556 577551.27 3.452 177.25 113.562 16210.06 Parents X Crosses 1 548.017** 5.643** 177.232* 115.864 70.87** 87.051 947769.75 11.383 19.037 1209.996* 8348714.218** GCA 9 112.538** 0.441 12.911 269.111** 4589.895** 849.192** 2391364.92** 13.56** 171.625 94.901 204495.29 SCA 45 30.157** 0.598 25.116* 83.79 1657.248** 80.207** 436522.43 3.835 125.272 117.377 292038.10** GCA X Location 9 28.254** 0.254 12.089 99.367 774.325 23.931 335857.54 1.23 70.773 153.908 259721.92 SCA X Location 45 9.12 0.33 13.248 104.497* 724.261 16.057 409541.64 4.745 167.354* 98.133 103469.14 GCA X Year 9 28.26 0.196 11.741 106.566 1076.322 89.553** 529963.41 3.919 126.07 80.767 54885.71 SCA X Year 45 10.517 0.355 10.956 74.344 598.614 29.786 369998.23 3.104 74.282 92.274 96701.63 GCA X Year X Location 9 18.445 0.75 11.795 74.111 497.926 17.024 369884.49 3.597 200.674 145.187 118156.733 Pooled error 409 9.025 0.355 14.694 58.547 606.736 20.361 550391.3 2.973 93.116 99.23 119185.4 GCA:SCA - 0.408 0.351 0.001 0.695 0.316 1.154 1.347 1.023 0.203 0.199 0.29

Table 2: Estimates of general combining ability effects for yield and yield components in ten pearl millet inbred lines, combined across locations (Maiduguri and Yola) and years (2004 and 2005).

S/NO. Parental lines Days to 50% flowering. No. of tillers / plant. No. of leaves / plant. Downy mildew incidence (%) Plant height(cm) Panicle length(cm) No. of seeds / panicle 1000-grain weight(g) Threshing% Grain yield / plant (g). Grain yield(kg/ha) 1 ACC-1022-1-2SPT -0.38 -0.028 -0.247 -1.518 1.612 1.9 219.625 -0.255 0.912 -3.353 -67.01 2 BONKOK SHORT -4.110** 0.032 -1.065 -1.562 -23.088** -14.605** -810.733** 1.955** 4.495 -1.246 -59.441 3 D2P29 0.477 0.007 -0.675 -4.371* 9.98 2.835* 94.707 -0.437 -2.809 0.68 17.946 4 DMR43 2.008** 0.006 0.753 -1.145 10.499* 7.449** 306.602* 0.047 -2.666 3.155 88.091 5 DMR22 2.392** -0.162 -0.122 1.92 10.810* 2.933** 236.178 -0.149 -0.591 -0.19 -4.366 6 EX-BORNO 1.259* 0.141 0.851 1.519 4.375 -0.927 101.813 0.039 -1.415 0.935 3.941 7 IMV 11-3-3SPT 0.144 -0.04 0.503 2.919 1.159 1.664 52.39 -.818* -1.308 0.694 35.459 8 LCIC9702 -1.565** 0.03 0.227 0.189 -16.243** -0.684 -77.85 -0.155 2.333 0.285 48.657 9 LCIC9703-27 -0.219 -0.004 -0.288 2.578* 1.196 -0.442 -128.58 -0.265 1.034 -0.954 -48.587 10 SOSAT-C88 -0.006 0.018 0.064 -0.528 -0.301 -0.125 5.848 0.038 0.015 -0.006 -14.69 LSD(0.05) 4.806 NS NS 12.245 39.419 7.221 118.726 2.759 NS NS NS LSD(0.01) 6.317 NS NS 16.094 51.808 9.491 156.04 3.626 NS NS NS r (Mean & GCA) 0.629 0.088 0.698* 0.55 0.962** 0.919** 0.694* 0.865** 0.643* 0.136 0.4

Table 3: Estimates of specific combining ability effects for yield and yield component characters among 45 Cross of pearl millet, combined across locations (Maiduguri and Yola) and years (2004 and 2005). Pedigree Days to 50% flowering No.of tillers/plant. No.of leaves /plant. Downy mildew incid. (%) Plant height (cm) Panicle length (cm) No.of leaves / plant 1000-grain weight (g) Threshing% Grain yield/ plant (g). Grain yield (kg/ha) S/NO. Cross 1 1X2 ACC-1022-1-2SPT X BONKOK SHORT 2.138 -0.135 1.852 -3.407 9.381 9.484** 551.663 -1.291 -2.412 -0.175 56.882 2 1X3 ACC-1022-1-2SPT X D2P29 -0.679 -0.13 0.663 2.022 -3.77 -0.173 296.124 0.113 4.382 1.054 39.316 3 1X4 ACC-1022-1-2SPT X DMR43 1.684 0.297 -0.074 1.598 0.993 -5.216 328.678 0.146 7.877 -0.733 16.378 4 1X5 ACC-1022-1-2SPT X DMR22 -0.977 -0.168 1.707 -3.244 1.405 -2.471 108.084 -0.774 2.907 -2.999 -79.982 5 1X6 ACC-1022-1-2SPT X EX-BORNO -2.334 0.208 -2.289 -3.444 -7.464 1.174 -264.897 0.44 -0.572 0.237 59.409 6 1X7 ACC-1022-1-2SPT X IMV11-3-3SPT -0.114 -46 -1.325 -2.971 7.392 -0.953 187.958 0.544 -0.744 0.079 67.821 7 1X8 ACC-1022-1-2SPT X LCIC9702 0.164 -0.017 2.042 0.559 8.85 -1.251 -274.796 0.168 -7.103 -4.826 -103.297 8 1X9 ACC-1022-1-2SPT X LCIC9703-27 0.725 -0.307 -2.263 -2.677 -14.92 -1.826 119.975 0.163 2.535 0.414 33.405 9 1X10 ACC-1022-1-2SPT X SOSAT-C88 0.219 0.131 -1.064 8.977 1.765 0.75 -372.441 0.478 -3.495 2.862 26.508 10 2X3 BONKOK SHORT X D2P29 -0.008 0.065 0.857 1.633 -15.778 -6.521** -302.712 0.657 4.366 -1.485 -57.477 11 2X4 BONKOK SHORT X DMR43 -0.887 0.057 -0.477 1.295 0.346 -5.917* -243.346 3.206** 1.15 -5.133 -195.95 12 2X5 BONKOK SHORT X DMR22 -1.646* 0.263 0.622 5.381 6.807 -4.161 -189.608 0.829 1.951 4.341 161.93 13 2X6 BONKOK SHORT X EX-BORNO -4.355** -0.055 0.025 1.175 9.574 -1.362 -185.882 0.906 5.295 2.536 168.873 14 2X7 BONKOK SHORT X IM11-3-3SPT -2.238 0.522 2.209 -5.683 0.983 -1.977 -202.212 -0.031 -4.483 1.321 155.554 15 2X8 BONKOK SHORT X LCIC9702 -1.832 0.099 -1.11 7.188 3.672 0.706 36.229 -0.386 4.577 -2.231 -14.627 16 2X9 BONKOK SHORT X LCIC9703-27 -0.484 0.083 0.595 -2.501 1.692 -0.13 -53.049 -0.434 0.735 -0.396 146.244 17 2X10 BONKOK SHORT X SOSAT-C88 4.493** -0.326 -1.813 -3.383 -0.96 5.644 294.032 -1.803 -8.331 3.057 -118.092 18 3X4 D2P29 X DMR43 -1.828 0.057 -0.238 4.504 1.34 -3.858 -227.768 -0.046 2.975 1.266 203.408 19 3X5 D2P29 X DMR22 -0.114 0.207 1.015 -1.606 -1.186 -3.998 18.745 -0.103 -3.636 -2.637 32.124 20 3X6 D2P29 X EX-BORNO -0.503 -0.056 -0.801 -2.192 -0.289 2.416 122.804 0.142 -1.297 2.502 224.263 21 3X7 D2P29 X IMV11-3-3SPT 0.277 -0.233 -3.134 0.483 7.684 2.364 508.728 -0.231 5.428 3.004 154.678 22 3X8 D2P29 X LCIC9702 0.645 0.249 1.833 -1.871 19.656 3.77 111.666 -0.08 -1.252 6.545 154.204 23 3X9 D2P29 X LCIC9703-27 -1.286 0.455 2.641 -1.943 14.803 4.105 -55.946 0.525 -1.663 4.897 51.732 24 3X10 D2P29 X SOSAT-C88 -2.293 -0.181 -0.729 -0.954 -5.593 2.011 -354.14 -0.904 -8.775 -10.6 -495.727* 25 4X5 DMR43 X DMR22 -1.262 0.327 2.759 -3.219 -29.48 1.78 215.399 0.358 -0.079 2.923 114.661 26 4X6 DMR43 X EX-BORNO 0.025 0.485 1.152 -1.766 16.968 1.575 -268.784 0.121 -7.602 1.49 64.578 27 4X7 DMR43 X IMV11-3-3SPT 2.1 -0.316 -1.353 -7.634 0.387 9.306** 248.965 -0.114 2.753 6.808 168.614 28 4X8 DMR43 X LCIC9702 1.054 -0.3 -0.414 -1.167 11.328 3.433 192.583 -0.431 -8.375 3.826 249.875 29 4X9 DMR43 X LCIC9703-27 -2.203 0.271 1.3 5.605 2.641 1.176 85.218 -0.573 0.532 2.841 -36.553 30 4X10 DMR43 X SOSAT-C88 3.228 -0.577 -1.743 0.032 6.5 1.198 177.13 -1.421 -0.937 -8.211 -288.399 31 5X6 DMR22 X EX- BORNO 1.022 -0.24 0.324 -1.334 3.912 -1.861 513.244 -0.361 3.462 -0.296 21.467 32 5X7 DMR22 X IMV11-3-3SPT 1.58 0.392 2.758 -0.9 17.139 -0.645 -42.695 0.347 -5.365 2.607 62.935 33 5X8 DMR22 X LCIC9702 0.408 -0.091 -0.803 -1.599 27.256 0.596 460.298 -0.138 -2.093 5.29 299.555 34 5X9 DMR22 X LCIC9703-27 0.652 -0.272 0.285 -0.917 12.068 3.926 318.309 0.329 7.914 4.359 232.658 35 5X10 DMR22 X SOSAT-C88 0.333 -0.257 -6.079* 2.85 -22.466 4.589 -650.767 -0.107 -3.071 -7.458 -606.422** 36 6X7 EX-BORNO X IMV11-3-3SPT -1.346 0.414 2.858 8.173 -12.493 -4.2 -78.459 0.669 4.735 -1.107 87.452 37 6X8 EX-BORNO X LCIC9702 -0.402 0.299 0.342 -1.325 -2.083 -2.4 -192.99 0.246 -2.239 -2.316 44.156 38 6X9 EX-BORNO X LCIC9703-27 0.961 -0.505 -3.05 0.527 11.812 0.503 -79.731 -0.374 -3.467 -4.575 -43.55 39 6X10 EX-BORNO X SOSAT-C88 3.481 -0.146 1.926 0.814 -0.133 1.646 167.269 -1.001 1.408 0.033 -272.978 40 7X8 IMV11-3-3SPT X LCIC9702 -0.135 -0.027 2.345 7.32 18.57 3.525 109.866 -0.289 -0.234 3.204 -118.275 41 7X9 IMV11-3-3SPT X LCIC9703-27 0.058 0.144 -0.713 0.557 9.166 0.827 2.616 -0.462 -5.766 -3.098 -68.348 42 7X10 IMV11-3-3SPT X SOSAT-C88 -0.777 -0.369 -1.377 -0.659 -20.843 -3.883 -217.381 -0.096 1.999 -4.831 -182.011 43 8X9 LCIC9702 X LCIC9703-27 -3.728* 0.187 0.851 2.261 -5.824 -0.886 -191.243 0.983 3.993 1.832 62.939 44 8X10 LCIC9702 X SOSAT-C88 0.745 -0.24 -3.708 -7.631 -49.552** -5.215 -51.632 0.163 9.413 -4.889 -220.158 45 9X10 LCIC9703-27 X SOSAT-C88 2.237 0.104 1.008 -2.066 -17.972 -5.04 -4.63 0.069 0.755 -2.364 -155.682 LSD(0.05) 4.806 0.954 6.133 12.245 39.419 7.221 1187.26 2.769 15.443 15.94 552.487 LSD(0.01) 6.317 1.252 8.061 16.094 51.808 9.491 1560.4 3.626 20.296 20.95 726.126 r (SCA & Means) 0.425** 0.008 0.693** 0.470** 0.315* 0.306* 0.379* 0.2 0.481** 0.461** 0.425** ____________________________________________________________________

Table 4: Best performing parents and crosses on the basis of per se and combining ability for certain characters in a diallel cross.

Characters Parents (per se) General combiners Specific combiners Crosses (per se)

Days to 50 % flowering ACC-1022-1-2SPT BONKOK-SHORT BONKOK-SHORT x EX-BORNO BONKOK-SHORT x EX-BORNO Number of tillers ACC-1022-1-2SPT EX-BORNO DMR43 x EX-BORNO BONKOK-SHORT x IMV11-3-3SPT Number of leaves SOSAT-C88 DMR43 IMV11-3-3SPT x LCIC9702 EX-BORNO x IMV11-3-3SPT Downy mildew incidence D2P29 D2P29 LCIC9703-27 x SOSAT-C88 DMR43 x IMV11-3-3SPT Plant height DMR43 DMR22 DMR43 x SOSAT-C88 DMR22 x LCIC9702 Panicle length DMR22 DMR43 DMR43 x IMV11-3-3SPT ACC-1022-2SPT x BONKOK-SHORT Number of seeds/panicle SOSAT-C88 DMR43 DMR43 x SOSAT-C88 ACC-1022-2SPT x BONKOK-SHORT 1000- grain weight BONKOK-SHORT BONKOK-SHORT ACC-1022-2SPTxBONKOK-SHORT BONKOK-SHORT x DMR43 Threshing % LCIC9702 BONKOK-SHORT D2P29 x IMV11-3-3SPT LCIC9702 x SOSAT-C88 Grain yield per plant EX-BORNO DMR43 DMR43 x EX-BORNO DMR43 x IMV11-3-3SPT Grain yield per hectare ACC-1022-1-2SPT DMR43 D2P29 x DMR43 DMR22 x LCIC9702 ____________________________________________________________________

Table 5: Heterosis of crosses over high parent for yield and yield component characters of pearl millet, combined across locations and years. S/NO Cross Pedigree Days to 50% flowering No. of tillers / plant. No. of leaves / plant. Downy mildew incid. (%) Plant height (cm) Panicle length (cm) No. of seeds / panicle 1000-grain weight (g) Threshing% Grain yield / plant (g) Grain yield (kg/ha) 1 1X2 ACC-1022-1-2SPT X BONKOK SHORT -6.6 15.58 -3.37 -81.02 -11 -35.39 19.62 18.59 -9.47 -12.77 21.14 2 1X3 ACC-1022-1-2SPT X D2P29 -4.26 -8.67 3.5 -58.45 3.57 -2.41 4.23 0.78 -5.61 10.23 52.2 3 1X4 ACC-1022-1-2SPT X DMR43 -3.66 -7.65 -6.47 9.42 3.53 -6.14 -11.78 12.77 -2.63 -8.27 30.47 4 1X5 ACC-1022-1-2SPT X DMR22 -0.43 -12.24 11.78 -72.73 4.85 -9.91 1.41 -2.23 -0.44 -19.08 9.38 5 1X6 ACC-1022-1-2SPT X EX-BORNO -6.5 1.02 -8.35 -78.25 1 -9.98 -26.07 7.29 1.82 10.55 28.27 6 1X7 ACC-1022-1-2SPT X IMV11-3-3SPT -3.45 -4.59 -4.01 -64.13 3.81 -6.77 -32.24 -2.05 -8.98 -4.19 27.37 7 1X8 ACC-1022-1-2SPT X LCIC9702 -5.45 -5.61 8.8 -33.66 -7.81 -18.35 -16.9 -5.33 -19.56 -32.17 -3.35 8 1X9 ACC-1022-1-2SPT X LCIC9703-27 -2.58 -9.05 -18.63 -75.02 -1.55 -14.23 -0.56 2.38 6.41 -12.08 -1.69 9 1X10 ACC-1022-1-2SPT X SOSAT-C88 -7.78 -1.53 -7.42 -54.43 4.27 -6.8 -22.48 6.27 -5.91 -5.3 35.34 10 2X3 BONKOK SHORT X D2P29 -8.32 49.18 36.24 -68.09 -4.11 -38.68 -43.04 -16.95 -2.8 37.77 39.86 11 2X4 BONKOK SHORT X DMR43 -6.33 6.1 0.84 -13.34 1.31 -28.08 -31.18 13.1 -5.09 -21.62 5.93 12 2X5 BONKOK SHORT X DMR22 -6.06 27.33 22.72 -37.01 3.95 -37.04 -13.38 -12.61 -2.56 60.54 85.28 13 2X6 BONKOK SHORT X EX-BORNO -13.55 11.18 10.57 -29.67 9.12 -34.02 -48.79 -7.07 -0.78 -0.67 88.81 14 2X7 BONKOK SHORT X IM11-3-3SPT -6.88 41.67 17.25 -77.18 10.78 -21 -27.98 -12.48 -6.73 36.82 93.45 15 2X8 BONKOK SHORT X LCIC9702 -7.65 -11.73 -8.81 221.8 12.11 -14.44 -23.46 -13.78 2.55 1.15 50.68 16 2X9 BONKOK SHORT X LCIC9703-27 -10.33 -3.02 4.26 -69.05 -1.83 -19.41 -24.65 -19.98 -2.34 -15.42 78.75 17 2X10 BONKOK SHORT X SOSAT-C88 -9.21 24.54 9.29 -79.91 15.88 -9.86 -36.4 -12.76 -11.45 16.96 55.87 18 3X4 D2P29 X DMR43 -2.75 -11.59 1.75 126.41 10.66 3.15 1.8 9.03 2.03 16.58 96.9 19 3X5 D2P29 X DMR22 -0.23 -27.33 18.62 -35.45 10.5 -8.31 16.19 2.9 0.58 12.06 60.34 20 3X6 D2P29 X EX-BORNO -5.56 -3.11 -7.75 23.97 7.51 -5.13 3.22 6.19 2.94 1.74 89.29 21 3X7 D2P29 X IMV11-3-3SPT -3.9 -17.61 -13.63 91.16 6.94 -0.49 21.09 -3.46 7.41 22.02 81.35 22 3X8 D2P29 X LCIC9702 -7.03 -10.71 6.25 -13.74 3.17 -1.92 9.44 1.67 5.59 64.83 80.07 23 3X9 D2P29 X LCIC9703-27 -6.73 -17.59 0.7 -12.34 11.35 -1.25 -7.09 13.49 7.77 16.08 49.85 24 3X10 D2P29 X SOSAT-C88 -4.41 -8.59 -3.2 -24.73 10.69 -6.5 -11.17 -5.02 -2.48 -37.95 18.69 25 4X5 DMR43 X DMR22 -3.11 18.29 19.78 -50.1 -4.49 2.88 -7.41 10.16 0.63 13.06 42.09 26 4X6 DMR43 X EX-BORNO -3.23 53.05 18.94 -32.52 8.75 -6.03 -6.02 10.28 -10.91 60.71 65.62 27 4X7 DMR43 X IMV11-3-3SPT -1.38 -7.93 -1.04 -91.01 3.51 11.22 2.84 3.22 -2.12 42.65 58.33 28 4X8 DMR43 X LCIC9702 -7.53 -4.08 5.51 -27.04 -1.06 5.67 -9.04 5.78 -12.15 31.52 82.38 29 4X9 DMR43 X LCIC9703-27 -7.89 5.03 6.23 3.09 7.78 -9.94 -10.16 6.58 -1.41 30.64 23.92 30 4X10 DMR43 X SOSAT-C88 -3.37 3.05 -2.29 -61.7 13.83 3.06 12.78 6.21 -7.89 1.07 53.22 31 5X6 DMR22 X EX- BORNO -1.02 6.21 9.06 -54.67 7.76 -22.25 3.22 7.29 11.73 -6.01 48.59 32 5X7 DMR22 X IMV11-3-3SPT -2.26 37.33 9.41 -13.91 10.25 -7.92 0.87 -2.79 -15.45 54.49 73.25 33 5X8 DMR22 X LCIC9702 -4.4 -10.2 2.76 -63.87 11.2 -15.06 28.32 0 -4.31 82.46 114.05 34 5X9 DMR22 X LCIC9703-27 -4.04 -17.59 0.57 -47.65 12.97 -3.67 9.32 5.44 7.45 28.13 63.13 35 5X10 DMR22 X SOSAT-C88 -4.39 17.18 -22.33 -77.44 2.66 -8.25 -11.03 5.44 -3.67 -12.78 -16.62 36 6X7 EX-BORNO X IMV11-3-3SPT -7.28 34.16 19.63 66.05 5.22 -8.26 -18.33 5.64 -12.51 -0.34 107.23 37 6X8 EX-BORNO X LCIC9702 -9.17 2.04 5.84 29.2 -0.63 -12.84 -21.95 6.41 -9.64 -16.69 91.63 38 6X9 EX-BORNO X LCIC9703-27 -7.16 -18.59 -14.18 -16.59 7.98 -4.48 -21.95 3.31 0.69 -26.42 69.79 39 6X10 EX-BORNO X SOSAT-C88 -4.31 19.63 -3.2 -59.97 17.97 -10.34 2.36 1.1 -9.16 -17.83 37.83 40 7X8 IMV11-3-3SPT X LCIC9702 -5.08 2.04 24.59 -20.26 21.67 20.88 7.32 -0.78 1.99 85.13 67.1 41 7X9 IMV11-3-3SPT X LCIC9703-27 -5.65 -0.5 -5.85 -41.85 -1.66 7.2 -5.56 -8.63 -9.77 1.19 15.97 42 7X10 IMV11-3-3SPT X SOSAT-C88 -9.85 19.63 -0.6 -68.62 13.83 11.17 -7.01 3.98 -5 20.75 49.84 43 8X9 LCIC9702 X LCIC9703-27 -11.29 1.51 5.34 -22.37 -2.83 0.69 -4.07 15 -1.44 36.4 88.81 44 8X10 LCIC9702 X SOSAT-C88 -10.77 6.12 -7.6 -86.67 6.8 2.55 -2.06 3.22 1.63 6.32 50.56 45 9X10 LCIC9703-27 X SOSAT-C88 -7.72 15.58 4.95 -99.42 6.21 1.07 -10.66 3.18 1.9 12.39 27.98 r (Heterosis & SCA ) 0.300* 0.087 0.711** 0.537** 0.207 0.25 0.545** 0.194 0.523** 0.663** 0.648**

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PotterPlay was first founded on April 1st, 2003. Its main site was located in Geocities. Since then, the format of roleplaying in PotterPlay has changed vastly from message boards to the current forum in Invisionfree. It is the longest running Harry Potter RPG.

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A sword with a blade on either side of the hilt. It is an extensively technical weapon, and you can find it in Sacred and Sacred:Underworld.

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Catholicos Aboon Mor Baselios Thomas I is the spiritual head of the 15 million Syrian Christians of India, a Christian community believed to have been established by Apostle St. Thomas in a place called Maliyankara, near Paravur in South India in AD. 52. His Beatitude was enthroned as the Catholicos and the head of the Church of India on 26th July 2002 in a solemn function officiated by the Patriarch of Antioch and all the East and the Supreme head of the Universal Syrian Church, H.H. Ignatius Zakka I Iwas, at the St. Peter & St. Paul Cathedral in Mor Ephrem Monastery, Ma`arat Sayyidnaya, near Damascus, Syria. He is also the President of the regional Episcopal Synod since 1999 and the Metropolitan Trustee of Malankara Jacobite Syrian Christian Association. Late lamented Aboon Mor Baselios Paulose II of blessed memory was his immediate predecessor in the seat of the holy Catholicos.

Mor Baselios Thomas I was born in the Cheruvillil family of Vadayambadi, Puthenkuriz to Mathai and Kunjamma on 22nd July 1929. Early part of his life was full of sufferings. Though he belonged to an aristocratic family, by the time he was born the family had seen bad days. As a child he had frequent bouts of illness which affected his education. His mother used to take the young boy frequently to the nearby Malecuriz Dayro where the relics of late Patriarch St. Ignatius Elias III and Saint Gregorios Geevarghese (Parumala Thirumeni) had been interred. One night, as his mother prayed with the young boy on her lap, she had a vision which prompted her to dedicate the boy to the service of the church. Within days, the boy's illness was entirely cured. God was with him, guiding him and shaping him.

His priestly formation was under the guidance of Mor Philoxenos Paulose (late Catholicos Mor Baselios Paulose II) who ordained him 'Korooyo' in 1952 and 'Shamshono' at Kadamattom Church in 1957. In August 1958, C M Thomas was ordained 'Kassisso' (full priest) by Mor Yulius Elias at the Majanikkara Dayro. In 1959 he was appointed as the vicar of St.Peter's church, Puthencuriz. Later he served the churches at Vellathooval, Keezhumuri, Fort Cochin, Valamboor, Calcutta and Thrissur. For a period of seven years from 1967, he was the organizing secretary of Kolenchery Medical Mission Hospital. He also served as the Chief organizer of the North Indian mission at Bhilai in 1970's and as the secretary of the 'Pourasthaya Suvishesha Samajam' in 1974. He was well known as a great revivalist preacher and was also recognized as an excellent organizer.

In January 1974, Fr. C M Thomas was elected to the episcopate by the Malankara Jacobite Syrian Christian Association convened at the Karingachira St. George Church and was consecrated Metropolitan with the title 'Mor Dionysius' by H.H. Mor Ignatius Ya`qub III on 24th February 1974 at Damascus, Syria. He was entrusted with the charge of Angamali diocese, the largest of all the Syrian Orthodox dioceses which has a membership of more than half a million. The untiring efforts of Mor Dionysius in those days had helped a lot to revive the confidence of not merely the faithful of the diocese, but the entire Malankara Church. Metropolitans Mor Dionysius, Mor Gregorios Geevarghese (late) and Mor Koorilos Kuriakose (late) together were a great support to the (late) Catholicos Aboon Mor Baselios Paulose II, the then Chief of the Malankara Jacobite Syrian Orthodox Church. As the Metropolitan of Angamali Mor Dionysius had successfully initiated many welfare programs and also reorganized the diocesan administration. In 1978 Mor Baselios Medical Mission Hospital at Kothamangalam was started under his patron-ship.

Catholicos-designate

Following the demise of Mor Baselios Paulose II in 1996, Mor Gregorios Geevarghese (Perumpally Thirumeni) become the President of the Episcopal Synod of the Church in India. After the passing away of Mor Gregorios Geevarghese in February 1999, Mor Dionysius assumed the Presidency of the Malankara Church Synod. On 27th December 2000, His Excellency was chosen as the Catholicos-designate by the Holy Episcopal Synod. The Church delegates meeting held at Puthencuriz on the same day, unanimously approved this decision. H.H the Patriarch, however, waited for two more years in expectation of a peaceful settlement to the longstanding dispute between the two factions of Malankara Church. But as it became clearer that the chances for reconciliation is remote because of the insincerity on the part of the opposite faction; a crucial convention was convened at Puthencuriz, Kerala on 6th July 2002 in which delegates from all the parishes participated and they approved a new constitution for the effective administration of the Indian Church, with the consent of the supreme head, the Patriarch of Antioch & all the East. H.E. Mor Dionysius Thomas was elected as the Catholicos and the Metropolitan Trustee of the Jacobite Syrian Christian Church at this historic Church Association. The election was later ratified by the Holy Episcopal Synod of the Universal Syrian Orthodox Church on 22nd July 2002.

Catholicos Enthronement

On Friday the 26th July 2002, His Holiness Moran Mor Ignatius Zakka I Iwas the Patriarch of Antioch & all the East, consecrated the 73-year old Mor Dionysius Thomas as the CATHOLICOS with the title 'BASELIOS THOMAS I' at a solemn function held at the St. Peter & St. Paul Cathedral in Mor Ephrem Monastery, Ma`arat Sayyidnaya, near Damascus. Thus, fulfilling the wishes of multitude of faithful, the Malankara Church received a Catholicos after a gap of six years (Catholicos Mor Baselios Paulose II died in 1996). In the Syrian Orthodox Church hierarchy, the Catholicos is second in rank to the supreme spiritual head, the Patriarch of Antioch.

Fourteen Syrian Orthodox Bishops, from India, Syria, Sweden, Netherlands, Germany, Lebanon, Jerusalem, Turkey and Australia attended the enthronement ceremony as the co-celebrants. Thirty five Rambans, many Nuns of the Church and lay people were also present on the occasion to participate in the historical ceremony. Representatives from Government of Syria & India attended the consecration ceremony as special guests. The consecration ceremony started with the celebration of Holy Qurbono at 8 AM by His Holiness the Patriarch, followed by enthronement ceremony, signing of 'SUSTHATHIKON' (Agreement) and 'OKSIOS' (Rising and Declaration). The ceremonial Services ended with the completion of the Holy Qurbono by the newly consecrated Catholicos.

On 31st July 2002, the Sunthroniso of Catholicos Aboon Mor Baselios Thomas I Bava was held at the Kothamangalam Marthoma Cheriapally where the sacred tomb of Maphryono Mor Baselios Yeldho is situated. H.E. Mor Julius Kuriakose, the first secretary to the Patriarch of Antioch read the Susthathicon, the Patriarchal Bull, proclaiming the enthronement of the new Catholicos for the Church in India. The function was attended by all the Metropolitans of the Malankara Church, hundreds of priests and very large number of laymen who came from all parts of Malankara.

As the head of the Church in India the Catholicos presides over the Holy Episcopal Synod of Malankara Church which includes all the Metropolitans of the Syrian Orthodox Church in India. His Beatitude is also the Metropolitan Trustee of the Jacobite Syrian Christian Association.

Catholicate Office

The Catholicate office of His Beatitude Baselios Thomas I functions at the Mor Ignatius Zakka I centre in Puthencuriz near Kochi, which is also the headquarters of the Syrian Orthodox Church in India. His Beatitude resides at Mor Ignatius Seminary at Kothamangalam in Kochi district.

Catholicate Office: Patriarch Ignatius Zakka I Iwas Centre (Patriarchal centre) Puthencuriz - 682 308 Ernakulam, Kerala, INDIA. Tel: 0484 - 2732804 Fax: 0484 - 2732804

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Steliasiii 18:15, 1 November 2006 (UTC)

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a froheaded person

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Studyfriends.com is a international student community which offers all the important features students need. Students can contact other students worldwide to ask questions about a topic, and can chat with a student who knows about a certain topic. Studyfriends.com also offers students internships and jobs of companies worldwide, students can find and offer rooms and they can find essays, theses and other study material in the Library. Studyfriends.com is the fast growing and unique international student community on the web.

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Not done Voice-of-All 09:18, 10 November 2006 (UTC)

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[edit] Certificate of Quality

Where and how can I have a sample of "Certificate of Quality" of goods which a manufacturer/mill/producer usally use to certify technical specifications of products? Newone 12:30, 2 November 2006 (UTC)

Alex "Gutz" Gutierrez is one of the best hockey players to play the game, and yet is still relatively unknown. People have forgotten over time despite that he held many records, all of which were broken by that damn Wayne Gretzky guy, but only by a small margin. There are only a few players that one could compare him with and that is Wayne Gretzky, Pavel Bure, James Lowrey, and Brad Zimmerman.

[edit] Sources

67.190.156.223 23:53, 1 November 2006 (UTC)

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