Artvin Province

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Artvin Province
Location of Artvin Province
Location of Artvin Province in Turkey
Overview
Region: Black Sea Region, Turkey
Area: 7436 (km²)
Total Population 191,934 TUIK 2006 (est)
Licence plate code: 08
Area code: 0466
Governor Website http://www.Artvin.gov.tr

Artvin is a province in Turkey, on the Black Sea coast in the north-eastern corner of the country, on the border with Georgia (country).

The provincial capital is the city of Artvin.

Contents

[edit] Etymology

(Georgian: ართვინი; Armenian: Արդվին; Russian: Ардвин). Artvin < Artavani "fertile town" < Armenian Arta, arda "arable field" + vani "district, village, town, church."[1]

Artvin had been called Coroksi, Corok, Kollehis, Klarceti and the area of Artvin today was once part of the larger Ottoman Empire district of Livane.

[edit] Geography

Artvin is an attractive area of steep valleys carved by the Çoruh River system, surrounded by high mountains (up to 3900m) and forest with much national parkland including the Karagöl-Sahara, which contains the Şavşat and Borçka lakes. The weather in Artvin is very wet and the forest is every shade of green imaginable. This greenery runs from the top all the way down to the Black Sea coast. The rain turns to snow as you climb higher, and the peaks are very cold in winter.

The forests are home to brown bears.

The Çoruh is now being dammed in 11 places for hydro-electric power, including the 207m Deriner dam and others at Borçka and Muratlı.

In addition to ethnic Turks, the province is home to communities of Laz people, Kurds, Hamsheni Armenians.[2] In particular there is a prominent community of Chveneburi Georgians many of them descendants of Muslim families from Georgia that moved here during the struggles between the Ottoman Turks and Russia during the 19th century. With all these people Artvin has a rich variety of folk song and dance.

Local industries include bee-keeping.

[edit] History

This area has a rich history but has not been studied extensively by archaeologists in recent decades. Artefacts dating back to the Bronze Age and even earlier have been found. The Hurri settled in the Artvin area in 2000 BC and were succeeded by the Urartu civilisation, based in Lake Van. The area was always vulnerable to invasions, first the Scythians from across the Caucasus then the Arab armies of Islam, who controlled the area from 853 to 1023 until it was recovered by the Byzantines.

TheSeljuk Turks of Alparslan conquered the area in 1064, it was briefly recaptured by the king of Georgia with the help of the Byzantines, but by 1081 was in Turkish hands again. With the collapse of the Seljuks the Artvin area came under the control of the Ildeniz tribe of the Anatolian Turkish Beyliks. Fighting for control between various Turkish clans continued until the Safavid Persians, taking advantage of this infighting were able to conquer the area in 1502.

Eventually the Ottomans of Mehmed II were able to defeat the Greek state of Pontus on the Black Sea coast and thus control the mountain hinterland too. Subsequent expeditions into the mountains by Selim I gave them control of a number of castles and thus the whole district. By 1627 Artvin was securely in Ottoman hands.

This lasted 250 years until the area was ceded to the Russians by the Ottoman Empire following the Russo-Turkish War (1828–1829), recovered and again ceded at the conclusion of the Russo-Turkish War of 1877-78. This to and fro-ing from Russia to Turkey continued with the Treaties of Brest-Litovsk, Moscow, and Kars. All this fighting and uncertainty between Russia and Turkey in the late 19th century caused the people of Artvin to suffer terribly, with much of the population moving westwards away from the Russian-controlled zones.

[edit] Christianity

In 1850, Pope Pius IX established the Armenian-Catholic Diocese of Artvin (Artuinensis Armenorum) for the Armenian Catholics of southern Russia. It was subject to the Patriarch of Cilicia in Constantinople. Its first bishop was Timotheus Astorgi (1850-1858), followed by Antonius Halagi (1859) and Joannes Baptista Zaccharian (1878). In 1878, Russia annexed the territory and united the diocese with that of Tiraspol. Russia subsequently, prevented the appointment of a new bishop.

The Catholic Encyclopedia, informs that the city had 5,900 inhabitants in 1894, a mixture of Armenians and Turks. There were nine Armenian Catholic churches, and four schools for boys and three schools for girls. The diocese of Artvin had 12,000 Armenian Catholics, 25 mission priests, 30 Catholic churches and chapels, 22 primary schools with almost 900 pupils. The girls were taught by the Immaculate Conception of the Blessed Virgin Mary.

Because of the tragedies of the Armenian Genocide between 1914-1918, currently no Christian Armenians live in Artvin.

[edit] Post-1917

The Russians withdrew from Artvin following the Bolshevik Revolution of 1917 and when the First World War ended with the Ottomans on the losing side British troops moved into the area in 1918, followed by Georgians. There were moves to incorporate Artvin into Georgia but a referendum was called in 1920 and knowing that the majority of the population were Turks, the Georgians withdrew from Artvin in 1921.[3]

[edit] Places of interest

  • The city of Artvin has an ancient castle and a number of Ottoman Empire period houses, mosques and fountains.
  • Every June there is a "bull-wrestling" festival in the high plateau of Kafkasör[4]

Popular places for walking and outdoor expeditions.

  • The Kaçkar Mountains are among the most-popular venues for trekking holidays in Turkey.
  • Macahel Valley on the Georgian border, is another popular location for walking holidays.
  • Papart forest in Şavşat
  • Genciyan Hill in Şavşat, overlooks the border and the Binboğa lakes.
  • The lakes of Şavşat and Borçka and the crater lake of Kuyruklu.
  • The Çoruh River is excellent for rafting and championships have been held here (although this must be affected by the hydro-electric projects on the river???)
  • There are a number of Georgian churches in the valleys of Yusufeli.
  • Bilbilan Yaylası - a typical Turkish high meadow.

[edit] Well-known residents

  • The singer and politician Zulfu Livaneli was born into a family from Yusufeli.
  • The bard of Artvin, poet Turgut Çelik
  • Guitarist Kazım Koyuncu was born in Artvin's Black Sea town of Hopa.
  • Folk singer Şükriye Tutkun
  • The father of TV personality Beyaz was from a village in Ardanuç.

[edit] Districts

Artvin province is divided into 8 districts (capital district in bold):

[edit] See also

[edit] References

  1. ^ Özhan Öztürk. Karadeniz Ansiklopedik Sözlük.İstanbul. 2005. ISBN 975-6121-00-9.
  2. ^ Encyclopaedia of the Orient - Artvin
  3. ^ http://www.artvin.gov.tr
  4. ^ http://www.artvindernegi.com/artvincity/artvinbogaguresleri.htm

[edit] External links

Coordinates: 41°08′32″N, 41°50′17″E

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