Artsakh

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Artsakh
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Persian Rule
Karabakh Khanate
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History (1915-1921)
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Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast
Independence
Nagorno-Karabakh War
Republic of Nagorno-Karabakh

Artsakh (Armenian - Արցախ), was at various times a province of the Armenian Kingdom, and at others, of Caucasian Albania,[1] that covered what is now mostly Nagorno-Karabakh. The name today is used mostly by Armenians to refer to Nagorno-Karabakh.

According to "Geography" (Ashkharatsuyts) by 7th c. Armenian geographer Anania Shirakatsi, Artsakh was the 10th among the 15 traditional provinces (nahangs) of Armenia, and consisted of 12 cantons (gavars): Myus Haband, Vaykunik (Tsar), Berdadzor, Mets Arank, Mets Kvenk, Harjlank, Mukhank, Piank, Parsakank (Parzvank), Kusti, Parnes, and Koght.[2]

Contents

[edit] Ancient Period (Prehistoric times - 4th c. AD)

Little is known of the ancient history of the region, primarily because of the scarcity of historical sources. Today the historical ownership of Artsakh, present-day Nagorno-Karabakh is hotly disputed between Azeris and Armenians, both of whom lay historical claims to this territory.

Archaeologists have identified material remains here by the name "Kura-Araxes culture", and early medieval Aghbanian (Caucasian Albanian) and Armenian traditions speak of an Armenian nobleman Sisak--descendant of Noah's son Japheth and the Armenian patriarch Hayk--who settled in the Araks valley.[3] The tradition further states that Aran--a later Armenian nobleman and descendant of Sisak, inherited Artsakh and also founded the principality of Caucasian Albania as part of the Armenian kingdom.[4] Zoroastrian traditions would make the Aras valley the seat of the Zoroastrian faith, one of the possible birth places of Zoroaster, and according to some, the original location of the "First Created land" - Airyana Vaego.

Artsakh first appeared under the name "Urtekhe" or "Urtehini" in Urartian cuneiform writings. Archaeological evidence reflects the competing influence from around 800 BC of the neighboring rival states Urartu, Assyria, and Mannai; and from 616 BC to the 4th century BC, the area, as well as most of the region south of the Kura, was ruled first by the Medes, then by Persian Achaemenids. Following Alexander's conquests, the Medes' former holdings in the area became known as the satrapy of Atropatene.

The ethnic make-up of ancient Artsakh is subject to dispute. The consensus among Armenian historians is that in ancient times the area, as well as the rest of Armenia, was inhabited by Armenians,[5] though one Armenian-American researcher (Gerard Libaridian) has suggested that the area was inhabited by Caucasian Albanians.[6] According to Greek historian Strabo (1 c. BC-1 c. AD), as well as ancient Armenian chronicles, the region was populated by Armenians.[7] In particular, Strabo stated that in Armenia, which in his time included Artsakh, everyone spoke the same language,[8] while the tribes of Caucasian Albania spoke "twenty-six languages."[9]

According to Greek historians of 2nd c. BC - 2nd c AD, during the period Artsakh was part of the Armenian Kingdom. Strabo mentions Orchistene as one of Armenian provinces in his "Geography" (along with other Armenian provinces such as Phavneni and Kombiseni.) Having subsequently passed to Caucasian Albania, Artsakh was regained by Armenia in the 1st cent. A.D.[10]

Strabo, Clavdius Ptolemeus and Plinius Secundos all write that at this time, the border between Albania and Armenia was along the river Kir or Kura.

After the area between the Kura and Arax rivers (including Artsakh) passed to Albania in 387 AD, medieval Armenian historians referred to it as the "Albanian plain." According to medieval Armenian historians Moses of Chorene (5th c.), considered the father of Armenian historiography, and Movses Kalankaytuk (7th c., author of "History of Aghvank"), in the 2nd c. BC Armenian king Vagharshak established the principality of Caucasian Albania as part of the kingdom of Armenia, subjugating the "savage tribes" south of the Caucasus mountains, and appointing as its governor an Armenian nobleman by the name of Aran, who descended from Noah's son Japhet and the Armenian patriarch Hayk, and was from the Armenian princely family of Sisakan. According to this account, members of the Sisakan family inherited Artsakh as well as the rest of the plain between the Araxes and Kura rivers, which was later named "Albanian plain" by the Sisakan princes (The entire area under Aran's governorship was named Aghuank (Albania) after Sisakan princes, who had fine (in Armenian--aghu) values)[11] Aran was a legendary ancestor and the eponym of the Albanians.

Little is known about the history of Artsakh or Aghbania in 1st-4th centuries. It is generally agreed that Albanians and Armenians alternated control over the territory until the early 4th century AD. According to Moses of Chorene, it was in Artsakh that young Grigorius (grandson of Gregory the Illuminator) was buried, after he was killed on the field of Vatnyan (see Moses of Chorene, "History of Armenia", III, chapter 3).

At this time, Albania had a close relationship with Sassanid Iran. In 371 AD, Roman and Sassanid armies clashed in the Dzirav field. In this battle, Albanians supported Sassanids, and Armenians supported Romans. According to the 5th century Armenian historian Pavstos Byuzand, following the defeat of the Sassanid and Albanian armies, the Armenian sparapet (commander-in-chief of the kingdom's armed forces) Mushegh Mamikonyan conquered the right bank of the Kura, including the provinces of Artsakh and Utik, and again made the Kura the border between Armenia and Aghbania.

However, war between the Sassanid Persians and Romans continued, and in 387 AD, according to the peace treaty between the two powers, the Armenian kingdom was partitioned between them. Aghbania, as an ally of the Sassanids, gained all the right bank of the river Kura up to the Araxes, including Artsakh. Subsequently, Armenian medieval historians of 5th - 7th centuries (such as Movses Khorenatsi and Movses Kaghankatvatsi) referred to the area between the Kura and Araxes rivers as the "Albanian plain".

[edit] Medieval Period (5th - 14th cc.)

In the 5th century, relations between the Sassanids and Albanians deteriorated. Because of the spread of Christianity in Albania, the Sassanids feared an increasing rapprochement between Byzantium and Albania. In a battle that took place in 451 AD in the Avarayr field, the Christian Armenian army clashed with the Sassanid army. Following the inconclusive battle, in which both sides suffered heavy losses, many of the Armenian nobles retreated to impassable mountains and forests in several provinces, including Artsakh, which became a center for resistance against Sassanid Iran. (see Eghishe, "The Word about the Armenian War", sec 6.) The religious center of the Albanian state also moved here. In 498 AD in the settlement named Aluen (Aguen, present-day Agdam region of Azerbaijan), an Albanian church assembly was held to adopt laws further strengthening the position of Christianity in Albania.

In "The Armenian Geography" (7th century AD), Artsakh was mentioned as the 10th out of 15 provinces of Greater Armenia.[12]

In the 8th century, Albania, along with the whole of the Caucasus, was conquered by the Arabs. The Arabs put an end to Albania's sovereignty, and subordinated the Albanian church to the Armenian church. This historical event played a crucial role in the gradual dissolution of Albanians as a distinct ethnicity. Albanians living in the lowlands converted to Islam, and were eventually absorbed by Turkic tribes that invaded the area since 11th century.

The name for the area in later periods (10th century onward) was called Khachin or Khachen, named after the Khachin principality; the Byzantine emperor Konstantinos Porphyrogennetos addressed letters "to prince of Hachen - to Armenia", being the residence of the Armenian prince Sahl Smbatyan.

The name Karabakh for the first time is mentioned since XIV century in the Georgian chronicle of XIV century "Kartlis Tshovreba" (ქართლის ცხოვრება, i.e "Life of Georgians").

[edit] See also

[edit] References

  1. ^ According to Strabo, Albania was bounded on the east by the Caspian, and on the north by the Caucasus. On the west it joined Iberia, while on the south it was divided from the Greater Armenia by the river Cyrus. See: Strabo, Geography, 11.5 (English ed. H.C. Hamilton, Esq., W. Falconer, M.A.); also: Pliny the Elder, The Natural History, (eds. John Bostock, M.D., F.R.S., H.T. Riley, Esq., B.A.).
  2. ^ Anania Shirakatsi, "Geography"
  3. ^ Khorenatsi, I.13
  4. ^ Kaghankatvatsi, I.4; Khorenatsi, II.8
  5. ^ Armenian Soviet Encyclopedia, v. 2, 1977 Yerevan
  6. ^ Gerard Libaridian, The Karabagh file: Documents and facts on the region of Mountainous Karabagh, 1918-1988, Zoryan Institute for Contemporary Armenian Research & Documentation; 1st ed edition (January 1, 1988) [1]
  7. ^ http://www.silkroadstudies.org/new/inside/publications/1999_NK_Book.pdf Cornell, Svante E. The Nagorno-Karabakh Conflict, Uppsala: Department of East European Studies, April 1999]
  8. ^ http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0198&loc=11.14.1; Strabo 11.14.4-5
  9. ^ http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0198&loc=11.4.1; Strabo 11.4.6
  10. ^ The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Nagorno-Karabakh
  11. ^ Kaghankatvatsi, I.4; Khorenatsi, I.13, II.8
  12. ^ The Armenian people from ancient to modern times: from antiquity to the fourteenth century - Page 15 by Richard G. Hovannisian


[edit] Historical sources

    v • d • e
    Historical regions of Armenia
    Flag of Armenia

    The traditional 15 provinces of Historic Armenia:

    1. Upper Armenia • 2. Sophene • 3. Aghdznik • 4. Turuberan • 5. Moxoene • 6. Corduene • 7. Parskahayk •
    8. Vaspurakan • 9. Syunik • 10. Artsakh • 11. Paytakaran • 12. Utik • 13. Gugark • 14. Tayk • 15. Ayrarat

    Other historical regions of Armenia:

    Karin • Taron • Commagene • Armenian Mesopotamia • Norshirakan • Lesser Armenia • Cilicia • Mardali

    Important people, places, and events of the Nagorno-Karabakh Conflict
    v • d • e
    Roots of the conflict Locations Political leaders Military leaders Foreign involvement

    Origins to the Soviet era:

    Soviet era

    Conflict escalation:

    Present

    1 Involvement in the War Disputed
    2 Unrecognized

    Military aid:

    Conflict mediation:
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