ARPES

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Angle resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES), also known as ARUPS (angle resolved ultraviolet photoemission spectroscopy), is a direct experimental technique to observe the distribution of the electrons (more precisely, the density of single particle electronic excitations) in the reciprocal space of solids. ARPES is one of the most direct methods of studying the electronic structure of solids.

Theory:

$E = \hbar \omega - E_k - \phi$

$E =$ energy(kinetic) of the outgoing electron (can be measured)
$\hbar =$ incoming photon energy (known from theory)
$φ =$ electron work function (energy required to remove electron from sample to vacuum) can also be measured