Armed Proletarians for Communism
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Armed Proletarians for Communism (Italian Proletari Armati per il Comunismo or PAC) was an Italian far-left terrorist group founded in 1976 and disbanded three years later, during the "Years of Lead (Italy)."
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[edit] History
Armed Proletarians for Communism was founded in 1976, as one of the numerous violent groups spun out of Italian Autonomism (Autonomia Operaia). By opposition to the Red Brigades, Armed Proletarians for Communism was structured "horizontally", with independantly constituted cells with their own actions.
Most of the early members were young workers, workless people and teachers. An estimate 60 people were involved in the group[1][2] in Lombardy and Veneto.
The leaders of the APC were Sebastiano Masala, Arrigo Cavallina (considered to be the ideologue of the group[2])
The group was dissolved in 1979[2]
[edit] Doctrine
Italian Autonomism held that the working class was a social group politically not represented, and exploited by ruling classes. A counter-power was to be organised by direct democracy and self-organisation. The movement drew upon theories of illegalism and propaganda of the deed formulated by the anarchist movement at the turn of the 20th century [3].
[edit] Actions
The first actions of the PAC were in support of workers' revendications. They notably attacked and wounded physician Diego Fava, and commiyted around 60 armed robberies, ranging from store attacks to bank roberies (what they called "expropriations"). The PAC also organised attacks against companies which used illegal workers, people known for brutalising detainees, or self-defence groups.
Most of the "actions" did not cause victims, although the PAC did claim four murders:
- Antonio Santoro, prison guard, was assassinated on the 6 June 1978 in Udine, for allegedly mistreating a detainee and member of the PAC[4]. Cesare Battisti was sentenced for this murder.
- Pierluigi Torregiani, jeweller, assassinated in the 16 February 1979 in Milano. Torregiani had shot and killed Orazio Daidone in an act of vigilante justice, as he attempted to rob a restaurant where he was dining. Another client, Vincenzo Consoli, was killed in the gunfight, and another was wounded[1][2]. Torregiani's 13-year old son, Alberto, was wounded during the assassination and remained paraplegic ever after [5]. The four terrorists responsible for the assassination, Gabriele Grimaldi, Giuseppe Memeo, Sebastiano Masala and Sante Fatone, were identified and trialed in 1981[6][2].
- Lino Sabbadin, butcher and member of the Italian Social Movement, assassinated on the 16 February 1979 (the same day as Torregiani) in Caltana Santa Maria de Sala, in Veneto. Sabbadin was killed by Pietro Mutti and Diego Giacomin[6][7].
- Andrea Campagna, DIGOS member, was killed on the 19 April 1979 in Milano by Cesare Battisti and an accomplice. He was involved in the investigations regarding Torregiani's assassination, and accused by the PAC of torturing prisonners[4].
Torregiani and Sabbadin had defended themselves during hold-ups. They were assassinated on the same day, as to teach people to "allow the deeds of the Proletarians forced to steal to survive"[4].
From 1982, following Pietro Mutti's arrest, Cesare Battisti was accused of taking part in Santoro's and Campagna's murders, as well as being an accomplice in Torregiani's and Sabbadin's assassinations. He was trialed and sentenced in abstentia in 1988 and in 1993. Battisti has always denied being involved in the assassinations.
[edit] Notes and references
- ^ a b Valerio Evangelisti, (French) Valerio Evangelisti Répond À 50 Questions
- ^ a b c d e Fred Vargas, « Cesare Battisti : À la recherche de la justice perdue » in La Règle du Jeu, n°30 (01/2006)
- ^ Valerio Evangelisti, "Qu'est-ce que l'Autonomie ouvrière"in "Comité lyonnais de soutien à Cesare Battisti" (collectif), Cesare Battisti face au marchandage, p. 44.
- ^ a b c Armando Spataro, (French) ["La culpabilité de Battisti repose sur des preuves"] in L'Express, 15/3/2004
- ^ The origin of the bullet which maimed Alberto Torregiani in controversed: some alleged that he was accidentally shot by his own father, while Italian justice blamed the terrorists.
- ^ a b Fred Vargas, (French) "Et si Battisti était vraiment innocent ?" in Le Monde, 13 November 2004
- ^ Gilda Piersanti, "Cara Fred, (lettre ouverte à Fred Vargas sur l'affaire Battisti)" in Le Mague, 2nd of June 2004
