Argyrus

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Argyrus (or Argyros) was the son of the Lombard hero Melus of Bari. Upon Melus' defeat at Cannae in 1018, Argyrus and his mother were captured and taken to Constantinople as prisoners. He was out of confinement by 1038, when he returned to Apulia, then in an uproar over being pressed into service during the Byzantine invasion of Sicily. The Lombard troops returned with their Norman and Varangian comrades in 1039, alienated by General George Maniaches.

In 1040, the Lombards of southern Italy revolted against their Greek overlords and slew the catepan Nicephorus Dulchiano. On 3 September 1041, they defeated the new Byzantine catepan, Basil, the son of the great Boiannes, and took him captive. Soon they were joined by the Lombards and Normans of Melfi under Arduin. In February 1042, the original nominal leader, Atenulf, brother of the prince of Benevento, defected with the catepan's ransom money to the Greeks and was replaced by Argyrus. After some early successes, Argyrus defected to the Byzantines. It is assumed that he received a bribe of money from Constantine IX, who certainly wrote him letters offering it, and the title of catepan of Italy.

When the revolt in Apulia was suppressed, the Byzantines, under advice from Argyrus, who travelled to Constantinople and received the title of "Duke of Italy, Calabria, Sicily, and Paphlagonia," formed an alliance with the Papacy to counter the emergence of the Norman menace in the area. One Sico, a protospatharios, was sent to assist him. Argyrus commanded the Byzantine army, which did not join the papal at the Battle of Civitate, in which the their forces were routed and Pope Leo IX was captured. Nothing more is known of Argyrus after 1057. By 1071 the last Byzantine city in Italy, Bari, fell to the Normans.

[edit] References

• Norwich, John Julius. The Normans in the South 1016-1130. Longmans: London, 1967.