Aqidah
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Part of a series on the Islamic creed:  |
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| Sunni Five Pillars of Islam | |
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Shahādah - Profession of faith |
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| Sunni Six articles of belief | |
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Tawhīd - Oneness |
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| Shia Twelvers Principles of the Religion (Usul al-Din) |
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Tawhīd - Oneness |
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| Shia Twelvers Practices of the Religion (Furu al-Din) |
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Salah - Prayer |
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| Shia Ismaili 7 pillars | |
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Walayah - Guardianship |
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| Others | |
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Salafi/Kharijite Sixth pillar of Islam. |
Aqidah, sometimes spelt as Aqeeda, Aqida or Aqeedah. (Arabic: عقيدة) is an Islamic term meaning creed. Any religious belief system, or creed, can be considered an exhiample of aqidah. However this term has taken a significant technical usage in Muslim history and theology, denoting those matters over which Muslims hold conviction.
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[edit] Introduction
Muslims enumerate their creeds to include the Six articles of belief. There is a concensus on the elements of this creed across all spectrums as they are clearly articulated in the Quran.
Sectarian differences between Shias and Sunnis are often expressed in differences in branches or elaboration of creedal beliefs as opposed to the core creed (aqidah).
For example, Muslims may have different ideas regarding the attributes of God or about the purpose of angels. However there is no dispute on the existence of God, that he has sent his revelation via messengers nor that man will be accounted and rewarded or punished with heaven or hell.
[edit] Six articles of belief
In the Hadith Sahih Al-Muslim and Sahih Muhammad al-Bukhari, Muhammad (final prophet of Islam) explains, "It (Al-Iman/faith) is to affirm your faith in Allah, His angels, His Books, His Messengers and the Last Day, and to believe in the Divine Destiny whether it be good or bad."
The six Sunni articles of belief are:
- Belief in God (Allah), the one and only one worthy of all worship (tawhid).
- Belief in all the Prophets (nabi) and Messengers (rusul) sent by God.
- Belief in the Books (kutub) sent by God (including the Qur'an).
- Belief in the Angels (mala'ika).
- Belief in the Day of Judgement (qiyama) and in the Resurrection (life after death).
- Belief in Destiny (Fate) (qadar).
[edit] Shi'a beliefs and practices
[edit] Roots of Religion (Usūl al-Dīn)
- Tawhīd (Oneness): The Oneness of God
- Adalah (Justice): The Justice of God
- Nubuwwah (Prophethood): God has appointed perfect and infallible prophets and messengers to teach mankind the religion (i.e. a perfect system on how to live in "peace".)
- Imamah (Leadership): God has appointed specific leaders to lead and guide mankind — a prophet appoints a custodian of the religion before his demise.
- Qiyamah (The Day of Judgment): God will raise mankind for Judgment
[edit] Branches of Religion (Furū al-Dīn)
- Shahadah- Testifying that there is no God save Allah, and that Muhammad is His slave and Messenger.
- Salat- The 5 daily prayers.
- Sawm (Fast) - Fasting during the month of Ramadan.
- Hajj (Pilgrimage) - Undertaking the pilgrimage to Mecca.
- Zakaat (Poor-rate) - Paying the poor-due.
- Khums (One-fifth) - Paying a tax of 20%, which is levied on un-taxed, annual profit.
- Jihad (Struggle) - Struggling to earn the favour of God. The greater jihad, "al-Jihad al-Akbar", is the struggle against the evil within one's own soul. The lesser jihad, "al-Jihad al-Asghar", is the violent Jihad, where one fights on the battlefield in defence of his religion.
- Amr-Bil-Ma'rūf - Encouraging people to perform good deeds.
- Nahi-Anil-Munkar - Dis-couraging people from performing sin.
- Tawalla - To love Ahl al-Bayt and their followers .
- Tabarra - To disassociate oneself from the enemies of the Ahl al-Bayt.
[edit] Ismaili beliefs
The branch of Islam known as Isma'ili is the second largest Shi'a community. The majority of Muslims do not believe they are in the fold of Islam given their rejection of core creedal ideas. They observe the following seven pillars of Islam:
[edit] Druze beliefs
The Druze are a small Islamic sect residing mainly in Lebanon, Israel, Syria, Turkey and Jordan. Majority of Muslims do not believe they are in the fold of Islam given their rejection of core creedal ideas. They observe the following seven pillars:
[edit] Literature
Many Muslim scholars have attempted to explain Islamic creed in general, or specific aspects of aqidah. The following list contains some of the most well-known literature.
[edit] Sunni Literature
- "Aqidah al-Tahawiyya" by Imam Tahawi, aka The Fundamentals of Islamic Creed.
It has been accepted by almost all Sunni Muslims (Salafis, Ash'aris, Maturidis) [1]. It was well explained by Ibn Abu al-Iz.
- Aqidah al-Waasittiyah [2] by Ibn Taymiya. Accepted by Salafis only.
- Khalq Af'aal al-Ibad (The Creation of the acts of Servants) by Bukhari. It shows the opinion of early scholars (Salaf) but it does not cover all topics.
- Ulu by al-Dhahabi. Dhahabi tried to give the opinion of early scholars only rather than his opinion.
- Ibaanah by Abu al-Hasan al-Ash'ari. Accepted by early Ash'aris and most Salafis. Many scholars consider it a forgery and incorrectly attributed to Imam al-Ash'ari.
[edit] Shia Literature
"Shi'a Allamah Sayyid Muhammad Husayn Tabatabai" Translated by Seyyed Hossein Nasr
"Root and branches of faith" by Maqbul Hussein Rahim
"Shi'ism Doctrines, Thought, and Spirituality" by Seyyed Hossein Nasr
