Apsis

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This article is about several astronomical terms (apogee & perigee, aphelion & perihelion, generic equivalents based on apsis, and related but rarer terms). In architecture, apsis is a synonym for apse. There also exists a video game publishing and developing company named Apogee Software.

A diagram of Keplerian orbital elements.

In astronomy, an apsis, plural apsides (IPA: /apsɪdɪːz/) is the point of greatest or least distance of the elliptical orbit of an astronomical object from its center of attraction, which is generally the center of mass of the system.

The point of closest approach is called the periapsis or pericentre and the point of farthest excursion is called the apoapsis (Greek από, from, which becomes απ before a vowel, and αφ before rough breathing), apocentre or apapsis (the latter term, although etymologically more correct, is much less used). A straight line drawn through the periapsis and apoapsis is the line of apsides. This is the major axis of the ellipse, the line through the longest part of the ellipse.

Related terms are used to identify the body being orbited. The most common are perigee and apogee, referring to orbits around the Earth, and perihelion and aphelion, referring to orbits around the Sun (Greek ‘ήλιος hēlios sun).

1 Formulae
2 Terminology
3 Earth's perihelion and aphelion
4 See also
5 Notes and references
6 External links

[edit] Formulae

There are formulae used to derive apsis and periapsis:

Periapsis: maximum speed $v_\mathrm{per} = \sqrt{ \frac{(1+e)\mu}{(1-e)a} } \,$ at minimum distance $r_\mathrm{per}=(1-e)a\!\,$ (periapsis distance)
Apoapsis: minimum speed $v_\mathrm{ap} = \sqrt{ \frac{(1-e)\mu}{(1+e)a} } \,$ at maximum distance $r_\mathrm{ap}=(1+e)a\!\,$ (apoapsis distance)

where one easily verifies

$h = \sqrt{(1-e^2)\mu a}$

$\epsilon=-\frac{\mu}{2a}$

(each the same for both points, like they are for the whole orbit, in accordance with Kepler's laws of planetary motion (conservation of angular momentum) and the conservation of energy)

where:

$a\!\,$ is the semi-major axis
$e\!\,$ is the eccentricity
$h\!\,$ is the specific relative angular momentum
$\epsilon\!\,$ is the specific orbital energy
$\mu\!\,$ is the standard gravitational parameter

Properties:

$e=\frac{r_\mathrm{ap}-r_\mathrm{per}}{r_\mathrm{ap}+r_\mathrm{per}}=1-\frac{2}{\frac{r_\mathrm{ap}}{r_\mathrm{per}}+1}$

Note that for conversion from heights above the surface to distances, the radius of the central body has to be added, and conversely.

The arithmetic mean of the two distances is the semi-major axis $a\!\,$ . The geometric mean of the two distances is the semi-minor axis $b\!\,$ .

The geometric mean of the two speeds is $\sqrt{-2\epsilon}$ , the speed corresponding to a kinetic energy which, at any position of the orbit, added to the existing kinetic energy, would allow the orbiting body to escape (the square root of the sum of the squares of the two speeds is the local escape velocity).

[edit] Terminology

The words "pericentre" and "apocentre" are occasionally seen, although periapsis/apoapsis are preferred in technical usage.

Various related terms are used for other celestial objects. The '-gee', '-helion' and '-astron' and '-galacticon' forms are frequently used in the astronomical literature, while the other listed forms are occasionally used, although '-saturnium' has very rarely been used in the last 50 years. The '-gee' form is commonly (although incorrectly) used as a generic 'closest approach to planet' term instead of specifically applying to the Earth. The term peri/apomelasma (from the Greek root) was used by Geoffrey A. Landis in 1998 before peri/aponigricon (from the Latin) appeared in the scientific literature in 2002.

Body	Closest approach	Farthest approach
Galaxy	Perigalacticon	Apogalacticon
Star	Periastron	Apastron
Black hole	Perimelasma/Perinigricon	Apomelasma/Aponigricon
Sun	Perihelion	Aphelion^[1]
Mercury	Perihermion	Apohermion
Venus	Pericytherion/Pericytherean/Perikrition	Apocytherion/Apocytherean/Apokrition
Earth	Perigee	Apogee
Moon	Periselene/Pericynthion/Perilune	Aposelene/Apocynthion/Apolune
Mars	Periareion	Apoareion
Jupiter	Perizene/Perijove	Apozene/Apojove
Saturn	Perikrone/Perisaturnium	Apokrone/Aposaturnium
Uranus	Periuranion	Apouranion
Neptune	Periposeidion	Apoposedion
Pluto	Perihadion	Apohadion

Since "peri" and "apo" are Greek, it is considered by some purists^[2] more correct to use the Greek form for the body, giving forms such as '-zene' for Jupiter and '-krone' for Saturn. The daunting prospect of having to maintain a different word for every orbitable body in the solar system (and beyond) is the main reason why the generic '-apsis' has become the almost universal norm.

In the Moon's case, in practice all three forms are used, albeit very infrequently. The '-cynthion' form is, according to some, reserved for artificial bodies, whilst others reserve '-lune' for an object launched from the Moon and '-cynthion' for an object launched from elsewhere. The '-cynthion' form was the version used in the Apollo Project, following a NASA decision in 1964.
For Venus, the form '-cytherion' is derived from the commonly used adjective 'cytherean'; the alternate form '-krition' (from Kritias, an older name for Aphrodite) has also been suggested.
For Jupiter, the '-jove' form is occasionally used by astronomers whilst the '-zene' form is never used, like the other pure Greek forms ('-areion' (Mars), '-hermion' (Mercury), '-krone' (Saturn), '-uranion' (Uranus), '-poseidion' (Neptune) and '-hadion' (Pluto)).

[edit] Earth's perihelion and aphelion

The Earth is closest to the Sun in early January and furthest in early July. The relation between perihelion, aphelion and the Earth's seasons changes over a 25,765 year cycle. This precession of the equinoxes contributes to periodic climate change (see Milankovitch_cycles).

The day and hour of these events for the next few years are:[1]

Year	Perihelion	Aphelion
2007	Jan 3 20 Z	July 7 00Z
2008	Jan 3 00Z	July 4 08Z
2009	Jan 4 15Z	July 4 02Z
2010	Jan 3 00Z	July 6 11Z
2011	Jan 3 19Z	July 4 15Z
2012	Jan 5 00Z	July 5 03Z
2013	Jan 2 05Z	July 5 15Z
2014	Jan 4 12Z	July 4 00Z
2015	Jan 4 07Z	July 6 19Z
2016	Jan 2 23Z	July 4 16Z

[edit] See also

[edit] Notes and references

^ Properly pronounced 'affelion' because the Greek is αφήλιον, although the hypercorrection 'ap-helion' is commonly heard.
^ Apsis. Glossary of Terms. National Solar Observatory (February 21, 2005). Retrieved on 2006-09-30.

[edit] External links

Apogee - Perigee Photographic Size Comparison
Aphelion - Perihelion Photographic Size Comparison
Aphelion - Perihelion Dates and Times

v • d • e Orbits
Orbit types	Box orbit • Circular orbit • Ecliptic orbit • Elliptic orbit • Highly Elliptical Orbit • Graveyard orbit • Hyperbolic trajectory • Inclined orbit • Osculating orbit • Parabolic trajectory • Capture orbit • Escape orbit • Semi-synchronous orbit • Subsynchronous orbit • Synchronous orbit
Earth-centered orbits	Geosynchronous orbit • Geostationary orbit • Sun-synchronous orbit • Low Earth orbit • Medium Earth Orbit • Molniya orbit • Near equatorial orbit • Orbit of the Moon • Polar orbit • Polar sun synchronous orbit • Tundra orbit
Other orbits	Areosynchronous orbit • Areostationary orbit • Lissajous orbit • Lunar orbit • Heliocentric orbit • Heliosynchronous orbit
Orbital elements	Inclination ( $i\,\!$ ) • Longitude of the ascending node ( $\Omega\,\!$ ) • Eccentricity ( $e\,\!$ ) • Argument of periapsis ( $\omega\,\!$ ) • Semi-major axis ( $a\,\!$ ) • Mean anomaly at epoch ( $M_o\,\!$ )
Other orbital parameters	True anomaly ( $v\,$ ) • Semi-minor axis ( $b\,$ ) • Linear eccentricity ( $\epsilon\,$ ) • Eccentric anomaly ( $E\,$ ) • Mean longitude ( $L\,$ ) • True longitude ( $l\,$ ) • Orbital period ( $T\,$ )
Orbital maneuvers	Bi-elliptic transfer • Geostationary transfer orbit • Gravitational slingshot • Hohmann transfer orbit • Orbital inclination change • Orbit phasing • Space rendezvous
Other orbital mechanics topics	Apsis • Celestial coordinate system • Delta-v budget • Epoch • Ephemeris • Equatorial coordinate system • Ground track • Interplanetary Transport Network • Kepler's laws of planetary motion • Lagrangian point • List of orbits • n-body problem • Orbit equation • Orbital state vectors • Retrograde and direct motion • Specific orbital energy • Specific relative angular momentum