Aotearoa
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Aotearoa (pronounced: [aoˌteaˈroa] listen ) is the most widely known and accepted Māori name for New Zealand.
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[edit] Translation
The original derivation of Aotearoa is not known for certain. Ao = cloud, tea = white and roa = long, and it is accordingly most often translated as "The land of the long white cloud". According to oral tradition, the daughter of explorer Kupe saw white on the horizon and called "He ao! He ao!" ("a cloud! a cloud!"). The first land sighted was accordingly named Aotea (White Cloud), now Great Barrier Island. When a much larger landmass was found beyond Aotea, it was called Aotea-roa (Long Aotea). Thus Aotearoa is a traditional name only of the North Island, though it now commonly refers to the whole country.
[edit] Popular explanations
There are several explanations of the origin of the word Aotearoa, of varying plausibility:
- One explanation derives the name from seafaring. The first sign of land from a boat is often cloud in the sky above the island. New Zealand's mountain ranges are longer and higher than elsewhere in the South Pacific and so they are particularly good at generating standing waves. The resulting long lenticular clouds are very different from the more usual cumulus clouds seen elsewhere in the region. The sight of these clouds over the two main islands could easily have led to this name.
- A second explanation relates to the snow-capped nature of New Zealand's mountains - particularly the long chain of the Southern Alps, which forms a backbone to the South Island, but also those around the North Island Volcanic Plateau. Polynesian travellers, unused to snow, might well have seen these snowy peaks as a long white cloud.
- A third explanation is connected with New Zealand's location below the tropics. Polynesian seafarers would have been used to tropical sunsets, in which the sky goes from daylight to night very rapidly, with little twilight. New Zealand, with its more southerly latitudes, would have provided surprisingly long periods of evening twilight to travellers from the tropics, and also surprisingly long summer days. It has been suggested that this long twilight is the actual origin of the term Aotearoa, which therefore would better translate as "long light sky". The presence of the Aurora Australis and the vivid sunsets are theories for the origin of part of the name for Stewart Island/Rakiura, Rakiura, meaning "glowing sky".
[edit] Usage
[edit] In Māori
It is almost certain that the use of Aotearoa to refer to the whole of New Zealand is a post-colonial usage. In pre-colonial times, Māori did not have a commonly-used name for the whole New Zealand archipelago. Until the 20th century, it was common for Aotearoa to be used to refer to the North Island only. As an example from the late 19th century, the first issue of Huia Tangata Kotahi, a Māori language newspaper, dated 8 February 1893, contains the dedication on page 1: 'He perehi tenei mo nga iwi Māori, katoa, o Aotearoa, mete Waipounamu' (This is a publication for the all Māori tribes of Aotearoa and the South Island), where 'Aotearoa' can only mean the North Island.[1]
Another well-known and presumably widely used name for the North Island is Te Ika a Māui (The fish of Māui). The South Island was called Te Wai Pounamu (The waters of greenstone) or Te Wāhi Pounamu (The place of greenstone).[2] In early European maps of New Zealand, such as those of Captain James Cook, garbled versions of these names are used to refer to the two islands (often spelt Aheinomauwe and Tovypoenammoo). After the adoption of the name New Zealand by Europeans, the name used by Māori to denote the country as a whole was Niu Tireni,[3] a transliteration of New Zealand.[4] This name is now rarely used as Māori no longer favour the use of transliterations from English. Nonetheless, it has been suggested that the use of Aotearoa to mean 'New Zealand' was initiated by Pākehā (non-Māori). Historians (e.g. Michael King) have theorised that it originated from mistakes in the February 1916 School Journal and was thus propagated in a similar manner to the myths surrounding the Moriori. Nonetheless Aotearoa is now the term used by Māori.[5]
[edit] In English
The name Aotearoa is used by both Māori and non-Māori. Although it has not gained official recognition, it is becoming increasingly widespread in the bilingual names of national organisations, such as the National Library / Te Puna Mātauranga o Aotearoa. Since the 1990s it has been the custom to sing New Zealand's national anthem "God Defend New Zealand"[1] in both Māori and English, which has exposed the term Aotearoa to a wider audience.
[edit] Popular culture
- In 1940 Douglas Lilburn composed one of his most famous orchestral works, the overture Aotearoa, which quickly became one of his most popular compositions and was played by orchestras in both New Zealand and Great Britain. This made the term more widely known.
- The term gained a wider international audience in 1981 with Split Enz's single "Six Months in a Leaky Boat", which contained the lyric: Aotearoa, rugged individual/glistens like a pearl/at the bottom of the world.
[edit] Notes
- ^ Huia Tangata Kotahi can be viewed online at Niupepa: Māori Newspapers
- ^ As a counterpart to Te Ika a Māui, the South Island is sometimes referred to as Te Waka o Māui (The Canoe of Māui), or Te Waka o Aoraki (The Canoe of Aoraki), depending on one's tribal connections. Most of the South Island is settled by the descendants of Aoraki, after whom the country's highest mountain is named (according to legend, he was turned into the mountain), but the northern end was settled by tribes who favour the Māui version.
- ^ The spelling varies, for example, the variant Nu Tirani appears in the Māori version of the Treaty of Waitangi.
- ^ When Abel Tasman reached New Zealand in 1642, he named it Staten Landt, believing it to be part of the land Jacob Le Maire had discovered in 1616 off the coast of Argentina. Staten Landt appeared on Tasman's first maps of New Zealand, but this was changed by Dutch cartographers to Nova Zelandia, after the Dutch province of Zeeland, some time after Hendrik Brouwer proved the South American land to be an island in 1643. The Latin Nova Zelandia became Nieuw Zeeland in Dutch. Captain James Cook subsequently called the islands New Zealand. It seems logical that he simply applied English usage to the Dutch naming, but it has also been suggested he was possibly confusing Zeeland with the Danish island of Zealand.
- ^ Aotea is also sometimes encountered, but is rare, and in decline.
[edit] References
- (1893-02-08) "Huia Tangata Kotahi" 1 (1). Retrieved on 2007-04-02.
