Anti-bureaucratic revolution

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The term "Anti-bureaucratic revolution" refers to a series of mass protests against governments of Yugoslavian republics and autonomous provinces during 1988 and 1989, which lead to resignation of leaderships of Kosovo, Vojvodina and Montenegro, and capture of power of politicians close to Slobodan Milošević. While its name is derived from its proclaimed revolt against bureaucratic, corrupted and alienated governing structures, it is widely recognized that it was a part of Milošević's of strengthening of power through populism, and expansion of Serbian influence to its autonomous provinces Vojvodina and Kosovo (which were practically independent from Serbia's central government) and neighboring Montenegro. While the "revolution" was supposedly a grassroots movement, it was backed up by propaganda and astroturfing of Serbian media.

The "revolution" was condemned by communist governments of western Yugoslavian republics (especially Slovenia and Croatia).

Contents

[edit] Prelude: Milošević's rise to power

Milošević took control of League of Communists of Serbia in February 1987, when his nationalist stream won over the relatively liberal one of Ivan Stambolić. His rise to power coincided with Serbo-Albanian tensions on Kosovo, as Kosovo Serbs felt oppressed by Albanians and Albanian-dominated leadership of the province. The tensions were further boosted by inflammatory reports in Serbian media.

According to the 1974 Constitution of Yugoslavia, Serbia has no effective control over its provinces, Vojvodina and Kosovo, and both of them had a seat in the federal Presidency, along with 6 constitutive republics. In effect, their status was almost equivalent with the one of republics, and provincial leaderships have lead practically independent policies. This resulted in Serbs in Kosovo being harassed by Albanians and suppressed by the Albanian-dominated Kosovo government.

In late 1987 and 1988, a populist campaign started in Serbia pointing out to untenability of such situation. The leaderships of the provinces were being accused of bureaucracy and alieniation from people. Popular slogans like "oh Serbia from three parts, you will be whole again" (oj Srbijo iz tri dela ponovo ćeš biti cela)[1] caught up. The atmosphere was further stirred up by numerous articles and readers' letters in Serbian press, the most notorious being Politika's rubric "Odjeci i reagovanja" (Echoes and reactions), letters to the editor type of astroturfing.[2][3]

The main points of the campaign were the theses that:

  • Leaderships of Vojvodina and Kosovo are bureaucratic and estranged from the people.
  • It was also alleged that this Constitution was created by influence of other Yugoslav republic, especially Slovenia and Croatia, in order to suppress Serbia's power and create an environment for exploitation of Serbia's natural goods
  • The Constitution has also, in effect, created a confederal type of government, as no decision could be made without consensus of all 6 republics in the federal parliament [verification needed]; therefore, a system with more direct influence of popular majority is called for (the slogan "one man-one vote" was one of most popular)
  • Therefore, a thorough change of federal Constitution and enhancement of Serbian control over its provinces were necessary.

[edit] Protests

The mass protests actually started as early as February 1986, with several meetings of Kosovo Serbs in Belgrade and in Kosovo, pleading for settlement of situation on Kosovo. These were relatively small, with 100-5000 participants, and were mostly reactions to individual inter-ethnic incidents. The largest such protest was held in Kosovo Polje in April 1987, gathering around 20,000 people.[3]

However, the real outburst of protests began in second half of 1988. In June, the protest of workers of Zmaj factory gathered 5,000 Protestants; in July, meetings were held in 7 towns with tens of thousands, and in August in 10 towns with 80,000 people, and in September they affected 39 towns with over 400,000 attendants.[3]

[edit] October 1988: Vojvodina: "Yogurt revolution"

On October 5 1988, around 150,000 people gathered in Novi Sad to protest against the Vojvodina provincial government. The gathering actually started a day earlier in nearby town of Bačka Palanka, and, as Politika explained it, the mass spontaneously gathered and moved to Novi Sad.[3] The protest in Palanka was led by Mihalj Kertes, a mid-level official of the Communist Party, ethnic Hungarian which would later become famous for his remark "How can you Serbs be afraid of Serbia when I, a Hungarian, am not afraid of Serbia?"[4] (and later still, as Milošević's money man). The Protestants from Novi Sad and other parts of Serbia gathered in huge numbers, and began the protest in front of Parliament of Vojvodina.

The provincial leadership, led by the provincial party president Milovan Šogorov, Boško Krunić and Živan Berisavljević, were caught by surprise. Before the event, they tried to find a middle ground and negotiate with Milošević, expressing cautious support for the constitutional changes while trying to keep their and Vojvodina's position intact. However, the avalanche of media campaign orchestrated from Belgrade was about to overwhelm them; they were labeled as power-hungry "armchairers" (foteljaši) and "autonomists" (autonomaši).[5]

In vain, someone from the government tried to cut off the power and water supply to the protesters, a move which enraged the mass further still, and caused even more people from Novi Sad and vicinity to join. When the electricity supply were returned back, they tried a different tactic: in order to cheer the demonstrators up, they gave them bread and yogurt: thousands of yogurt packages were soon thrown at the Parliament building by the angry people. The term "Yogurt revolution" for the protest was named after that episode.[6]

On October 6, the entire presidentship of Vojvodina resigned. They would soon be replaced with Milošević's men of trust, Nedeljko Šipovac, Radovan Pankov and Radoman Božović.

[edit] The Ušće rally

The rally in Belgrade, at Ušće (the large field at confluence of Sava River into Danube) was held on 18 November 1988. According to the state press, it gathered about a million people, and according to others, several hundred thousands. It was conceived as a "mother of all rallies", and a huge crowd of people come from all parts of Serbia by public and factory buses taken just for this opportunity. Milošević reaffirmed his and Serbia's confinement to the principles of liberty and Serbian equity within Yugoslavia:[7]

We will win the battle for Kosovo regardless of the obstacles placed in front of us in the country and abroad. So, we will win regardless of the uniting of our enemies from abroad and those in the country. And that this nation will win the battle for freedom, is a fact well-known even to the Turkish and German conquerors.

[edit] January 1989: Montenegro

Rallies and media were also similarly used in Montenegro. The leadership of the League of Communists of Montenegro was on the defense at the time, and it claimed that it was also "protecting Kosovo", but their restraint in direct support for Milošević was not good enough. The first act occurred in autumn 1988, when Montenegrin police intervened against protesters in Žuta Greda and proclaimed a state of emergency. The state of emergency didn't last long though, as it was taken as act of hostility towards Serbia by Serbian propaganda machine and Milošević's supporters in Montenegro.[8]

The second act started with joint rallies consisting of Radoje Dakić company workers and Veljko Vlahović University students. On January 10, 1989, over 100,000 protesters gathered in Titograd and the old leadership, confused and disorganised, soon gave in; none of them later played a significant political role.[8] The new "young lions" of the Montenegro, Momir Bulatović, Milo Đukanović and Svetozar Marović, became the new leadersip, strongly allied with Milošević in the years to come. The Alliance of Montenegrin Communists was subsequently transformed by the "triumvirate" who had full control over the (Socialist) Republic of Montenegro into the Democratic Party of Socialists of Montenegro, which vigorously maintained its grip over Montenegro and does so up to this day.

[edit] Gazimestan meeting

[edit] Aftermath

[edit] References

  1. ^ Petar Ignja (1997-08-1). DUH BELOG DVORA. NIN.
  2. ^ Aleksandar Nenadović (1993). Politika in the Storm of Nationalism.
  3. ^ a b c d Olivera Milosavljević. Antibirokratska revolucija 1987-1989. godine (Serbian).
  4. ^ Michael Dobbs (2000-11-29). Crash of Yugoslavia's Money Man. Washington Post Foreign Service.
  5. ^ Petar Ignja (1998-10-15). Vojvodina:Užegli jogurt (Serbian). NIN.
  6. ^ Emil Kerenji (edited by Sabrina Petra Ramet (2005). Serbia Since 1989: Politics And Society Under Milosevic And After (pp 350-379). University of Washington Press.
  7. ^ Disintegration Years 1988-2000. Assembly of Belgrade.
  8. ^ a b Milan Milošević, Filip Švarm (1994-08-29). Serbian President: The Technology Of A Showdown. Vreme.
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