Antbird

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Antbirds
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Aves Order: Passeriformes Family: Thamnophilidae
Genera
Some 45, see text.

The antbirds are a large family of smallish passerine bird species of subtropical and tropical Central and South America. They are closely related to the antthrushes and antpittas in the family Formicariidae, the tapaculos, and especially the gnatcatchers (Irestedt et al. 2002, Rice, 2005).

These are forest birds, but tend to feed on insects at or near the ground. A sizable minority of them specialize in following columns of army ants to eat the small invertebrates that leave hiding to flee the ants.

Many species lack bright colour; brown, black and white being the dominant tones in their appearance.

They lay two or three eggs in a nest in a tree, both sexes incubating.

Contents 1 Systematics 1.1 Subfamily N.N.: Basal antbirds 1.2 Subfamily Thamnophilinae: antshrikes and relatives 1.3 Subfamily N.N.: Typical antwrens and relatives 1.4 Unassigned 2 References 2.1 Footnotes 3 External links

[edit] Systematics

There are some 200 species, variously called as antwrens, antvireos, antbirds and antshrikes. These terms refer to the relative sizes of the birds (increasing in the order given) rather than any particular morphological resemblance to the true wrens, vireos or shrikes. The genus Phlegopsis is the bare-eyes, Pyriglena the fire-eyes and Neoctantes and Clytoctantes are the bushbirds.

Although the taxonomical layout of the group is based on studies from the mid-19th century when less than half the present species were known to science, comparison of the myoglobin intron 2, GAPDH intron 11 and the mtDNA cytochrome b DNA sequences (Irestedt et al., 2004) has largely verified it. Two major clades - most antshrikes and other larger, strong-billed species as well as Herpsilochmus versus the classical antwrens and other more slender, longer-billed species - exist and the monophyly of most genera was confirmed.

The Thamnophilidae contain several large or very large genera, and a considerable number of small or monotypic ones. Several of these, which have always been difficult to assign, seem to form a third, hitherto unrecognized clade independently derived from ancestral antbirds. The results also confirmed suspicions of previous researchers that some species, most notably in Myrmotherula and Myrmeciza, need to be assigned to different genera. Still, due to the difficulties of sampling from such a large number of often poorly known species, the assignment of some genera is still awaiting confirmation.

[edit] Subfamily N.N.: Basal antbirds

• Genus Terenura
  • Streak-capped Antwren, Terenura maculata
  • Orange-bellied Antwren, Terenura sicki
  • Rufous-rumped Antwren, Terenura callinota
  • Chestnut-shouldered Antwren, Terenura humeralis
  • Yellow-rumped Antwren, Terenura sharpei
  • Ash-winged Antwren, Terenura spodioptila

• Genus Myrmornis
  • Wing-banded Antbird, Myrmornis torquata

• Genus Pygiptila
  • Spot-winged Antshrike, Pygiptila stellaris

• Genus Thamnistes - Russet Antshrike

[edit] Subfamily Thamnophilinae: antshrikes and relatives

• Genus Megastictus
  • Pearly Antshrike, Megastictus margaritatus

• Genus Thamnomanes
  • Saturnine Antshrike, Thamnomanes saturninus
  • Dusky-throated Antshrike, Thamnomanes ardesiacus
  • Cinereous Antshrike, Thamnomanes caesius
  • Bluish-slate Antshrike, Thamnomanes schistogynus

• Genus Xenornis^[1]
  • Speckled Antshrike, Xenornis setifrons

• Genus Dichrozona
  • Banded Antwren, Dichrozona cincta

• Genus Taraba - Great Antshrike

• Genus Hypoedaleus
  • Spot-backed Antshrike, Hypoedaleus guttatus

• Genus Batara
  • Giant Antshrike, Batara cinerea

• Genus Mackenziaena
  • Tufted Antshrike, Mackenziaena severa
  • Large-tailed Antshrike, Mackenziaena leachii

• Genus Cymbilaimus^[1]
  • Fasciated Antshrike, Cymbilaimus lineatus
  • Bamboo Antshrike, Cymbilaimus sanctaemariae

• Genus Frederickena
  • Black-throated Antshrike, Frederickena viridis
  • Undulated Antshrike, Frederickena unduligera

• Genus Dysithamnus
  • Spot-breasted Antvireo, Dysithamnus stictothorax
  • Plain Antvireo, Dysithamnus mentalis
  • Streak-crowned Antvireo, Dysithamnus striaticeps
  • Spot-crowned Antvireo, Dysithamnus puncticeps
  • Rufous-backed Antvireo, Dysithamnus xanthopterus
  • White-streaked Antvireo, Dysithamnus leucostictus
  • Plumbeous Antvireo, Dysithamnus plumbeus
  • Bicolored Antvireo, Dysithamnus occidentalis

• Genus Herpsilochmus
  • Ash-throated Antwren, Herpsilochmus parkeri
  • Creamy-bellied Antwren, Herpsilochmus motacilloides
  • Black-capped Antwren, Herpsilochmus atricapillus
  • Caatinga Antwren, Herpsilochmus sellowi
  • Pileated Antwren, Herpsilochmus pileatus
  • Spot-tailed Antwren, Herpsilochmus sticturus
  • Dugand's Antwren, Herpsilochmus dugandi
  • Todd's Antwren, Herpsilochmus stictocephalus
  • Ancient Antwren, Herpsilochmus gentryi
  • Spot-backed Antwren, Herpsilochmus dorsimaculatus
  • Roraiman Antwren, Herpsilochmus roraimae
  • Pectoral Antwren, Herpsilochmus pectoralis
  • Large-billed Antwren, Herpsilochmus longirostris
  • Yellow-breasted Antwren, Herpsilochmus axillaris
  • Rufous-winged Antwren, Herpsilochmus rufimarginatus

• Genus Sakesphorus
  • Collared Antshrike, Sakesphorus bernardi
  • Black-crested Antshrike, Sakesphorus canadensis
  • Silvery-cheeked Antshrike, Sakesphorus cristatus
  • Black-backed Antshrike, Sakesphorus melanonotus
  • Band-tailed Antshrike, Sakesphorus melanothorax
  • Glossy Antshrike, Sakesphorus luctuosus

• Genus Thamnophilus (possibly polyphyletic)
  • Barred Antshrike, Thamnophilus doliatus
  • Chapman's Antshrike, Thamnophilus zarumae
  • Bar-crested Antshrike, Thamnophilus multistriatus
  • Chestnut-backed Antshrike, Thamnophilus palliatus
  • Lined Antshrike, Thamnophilus tenuepunctatus
  • Black-hooded Antshrike, Thamnophilus bridgesi
  • Black Antshrike, Thamnophilus nigriceps
  • Cocha Antshrike, Thamnophilus praecox
  • Blackish-gray Antshrike, Thamnophilus nigrocinereus
  • Castelnau's Antshrike, Thamnophilus cryptoleucus
  • White-shouldered Antshrike, Thamnophilus aethiops
  • Uniform Antshrike, Thamnophilus unicolor
  • Upland Antshrike, Thamnophilus aroyae
  • Plain-winged Antshrike, Thamnophilus schistaceus
  • Mouse-colored Antshrike, Thamnophilus murinus
  • Western Slaty Antshrike, Thamnophilus atrinucha
  • Guianan Slaty Antshrike, Thamnophilus punctatus
  • Peruvian Slaty Antshrike, Thamnophilus leucogaster
  • Natterer's Slaty Antshrike, Thamnophilus stictocephalus
  • Bolivian Slaty Antshrike, Thamnophilus sticturus
  • Planalto Slaty Antshrike, Thamnophilus pelzelni
  • Sooretama Slaty Antshrike, Thamnophilus ambiguus
  • Acre Antshrike, Thamnophilus divisorus
  • Streak-backed Antshrike, Thamnophilus insignis
  • Amazonian Antshrike, Thamnophilus amazonicus
  • Variable Antshrike, Thamnophilus caerulescens
  • Rufous-winged Antshrike, Thamnophilus torquatus
  • Rufous-capped Antshrike, Thamnophilus ruficapillus

[edit] Subfamily N.N.: Typical antwrens and relatives

Tribe "Microrhopini"

• Genus Neoctantes
  • Black Bushbird, Neoctantes niger

• Genus Clytoctantes^[1]
  • Recurve-billed Bushbird, Clytoctantes alixii
  • Rondonia Bushbird, Clytoctantes atrogularis

• Genus Myrmorchilus
  • Stripe-backed Antbird, Myrmorchilus strigilatus

• Genus Microrhopias - Dot-winged Antwren

Tribe Formicivorini

• Genus Myrmochanes
  • Black-and-white Antbird, Myrmochanes hemileucus

• Genus Myrmotherula (paraphyletic)
  • Stipple-throated group ("Microrhopini"):
  • Brown-bellied Antwren, Myrmotherula gutturalis
  • Checker-throated Antwren, Myrmotherula fulviventris
  • White-eyed Antwren, Myrmotherula leucophthalma
  • Foothill Antwren, Myrmotherula spodionota
  • Stipple-throated Antwren, Myrmotherula haematonota
  • Brown-backed Antwren, Myrmotherula fjeldsaai
  • Ornate Antwren, Myrmotherula ornata
  • Rufous-tailed Antwren, Myrmotherula erythrura
  • Streaked group (closer to Myrmochanes):
  • Pygmy Antwren, Myrmotherula brachyura
  • Short-billed Antwren, Myrmotherula ignota (sometimes M. obscura)
  • Guianan Antwren, Myrmotherula surinamensis
  • Amazonian Antwren, Myrmotherula multostriata
  • Pacific Antwren, Myrmotherula pacifica
  • Cherrie's Antwren, Myrmotherula cherriei
  • Klages' Antwren, Myrmotherula klagesi
  • Stripe-chested Antwren, Myrmotherula longicauda
  • Sclater's Antwren, Myrmotherula sclateri
  • Yellow-throated Antwren, Myrmotherula ambigua
  • Grey group (may include Formicivora):
  • White-flanked Antwren, Myrmotherula axillaris
  • Slaty Antwren, Myrmotherula schisticolor
  • Rio Suno Antwren, Myrmotherula sunensis
  • Salvadori's Antwren, Myrmotherula minor
  • Ihering's Antwren, Myrmotherula iheringi
  • Rio de Janeiro Antwren, Myrmotherula fluminensis
  • Plain-winged Antwren, Myrmotherula behni
  • Ashy Antwren, Myrmotherula grisea
  • Unicolored Antwren, Myrmotherula unicolor
  • Alagoas Antwren, Myrmotherula snowi
  • Long-winged Antwren, Myrmotherula longipennis
  • Band-tailed Antwren, Myrmotherula urosticta
  • Gray Antwren, Myrmotherula menetriesii
  • unassigned (probably stipple-throated group):
  • Rufous-bellied Antwren, Myrmotherula guttata
  • Plain-throated Antwren, Myrmotherula hauxwelli
  • Star-throated Antwren, Myrmotherula gularis
  • unassigned (Relationships unknown):
  • Leaden Antwren, Myrmotherula assimilis

• Genus Formicivora
  • Narrow-billed Antwren, Formicivora iheringi
  • White-fringed Antwren, Formicivora grisea
  • Black-bellied Antwren, Formicivora melanogaster
  • Serra Antwren, Formicivora serrana
  • Restinga Antwren, Formicivora littoralis
  • Black-hooded Antwren, Formicivora erythronotos
  • Rusty-backed Antwren, Formicivora rufa

• Genus Stymphalornis^[1]
  • Parana Antwren, Stymphalornis acutirostris

Tribe Pithyini

• Genus Pithys
  • White-plumed Antbird, Pithys albifrons
  • White-masked Antbird, Pithys castanea

• Genus Skutchia^[1]
  • Pale-faced Antbird, Skutchia borbae

• Genus Phlegopsis
  • Black-spotted Bare-eye, Phlegopsis nigromaculata
  • Reddish-winged Bare-eye, Phlegopsis erythroptera

• Genus Phaenostictus
  • Ocellated Antbird, Phaenostictus mcleannani

• Genus Gymnopithys
  • Rufous-throated Antbird, Gymnopithys rufigula
  • Bicolored Antbird, Gymnopithys leucaspis
  • Lunulated Antbird, Gymnopithys lunulata
  • White-throated Antbird, Gymnopithys salvini

• Genus Rhegmatorhina
  • Hairy-crested Antbird, Rhegmatorhina melanosticta
  • Chestnut-crested Antbird, Rhegmatorhina cristata
  • White-breasted Antbird, Rhegmatorhina hoffmannsi
  • Harlequin Antbird, Rhegmatorhina berlepschi
  • Bare-eyed Antbird, Rhegmatorhina gymnops

• Genus Cercomacra
  • Gray Antbird, Cercomacra cinerascens
  • Rio de Janeiro Antbird, Cercomacra brasiliana
  • Dusky Antbird, Cercomacra tyrannina
  • Willis' Antbird, Cercomacra laeta
  • Parker's Antbird, Cercomacra parkeri
  • Blackish Antbird, Cercomacra nigrescens
  • Bananal Antbird, Cercomacra ferdinandi
  • Black Antbird, Cercomacra serva
  • Jet Antbird, Cercomacra nigricans
  • Rio Branco Antbird, Cercomacra carbonaria
  • Mato Grosso Antbird, Cercomacra melanaria
  • Manu Antbird, Cercomacra manu

• Genus Hypocnemis
  • Warbling Antbird, Hypocnemis cantator
  • Yellow-browed Antbird, Hypocnemis hypoxantha

• Genus Drymophila
  • Ferruginous Antbird, Drymophila ferruginea
  • Bertoni's Antbird, Drymophila rubricollis
  • Rufous-tailed Antbird, Drymophila genei
  • Ochre-rumped Antbird, Drymophila ochropyga
  • Striated Antbird, Drymophila devillei
  • Dusky-tailed Antbird, Drymophila malura
  • Long-tailed Antbird, Drymophila caudata
  • Scaled Antbird, Drymophila squamata

Tribe Myrmecizini

• Genus Sclateria - Silvered Antbird

• Genus Percnostola^[1]
  • Black-headed Antbird, Percnostola rufifrons
  • White-lined Antbird, Percnostola lophotes

• Genus Schistocichla (sometimes placed in Percnostola)
  • Slate-colored Antbird, Schistocichla schistacea
  • Spot-winged Antbird, Schistocichla leucostigma
    • Roraiman Antbird, Schistocichla (leucostigma) saturata
  • Caura Antbird, Schistocichla caurensis

• Genus Myrmoborus
  • White-browed Antbird, Myrmoborus leucophrys
  • Ash-breasted Antbird, Myrmoborus lugubris
  • Black-faced Antbird, Myrmoborus myotherinus
  • Black-tailed Antbird, Myrmoborus melanurus

• Genus Gymnocichla
  • Bare-crowned Antbird, Gymnocichla nudiceps

• Genus Rhopornis^[1]
  • Slender Antbird, Rhopornis ardesiaca

• Genus Pyriglena
  • White-backed Fire-eye, Pyriglena leuconota
  • White-shouldered Fire-eye, Pyriglena leucoptera
  • Fringe-backed Fire-eye, Pyriglena atra

• Genus Hypocnemoides
  • Black-chinned Antbird, Hypocnemoides melanopogon
  • Band-tailed Antbird, Hypocnemoides maculicauda

• Genus Hylophylax
  • Spotted Antbird, Hylophylax naevioides
  • Spot-backed Antbird, Hylophylax naevia
  • Dot-backed Antbird, Hylophylax punctulata
  • Scale-backed Antbird, Hylophylax poecilinota

• Genus Myrmeciza (paraphyletic)
  • Chestnut-tailed group (Pithyini)
  • Southern Chestnut-tailed Antbird, Myrmeciza hemimelaena
  • Northern Chestnut-tailed Antbird, Myrmeciza castanea
  • Large dark group (close to Pyriglena)
  • Plumbeous Antbird, Myrmeciza hyperythra
  • Goeldi's Antbird, Myrmeciza goeldii
  • White-shouldered Antbird, Myrmeciza melanoceps
  • Sooty Antbird, Myrmeciza fortis
  • Immaculate Antbird, Myrmeciza immaculata
  • Patterned breast group (close to Hypocnemoides and Hylophylax)
  • Ferruginous-backed Antbird, Myrmeciza ferruginea
  • Scalloped Antbird, Myrmeciza ruficauda
  • White-bibbed Antbird, Myrmeciza loricata
  • Squamate Antbird, Myrmeciza squamosa
  • Main group
  • Gray-headed Antbird, Myrmeciza griseiceps
  • Dull-mantled Antbird, Myrmeciza laemosticta
  • Esmeraldas Antbird, Myrmeciza nigricauda
  • Stub-tailed Antbird, Myrmeciza berlepschi
  • unassigned
  • Yapacana Antbird, Myrmeciza disjuncta
  • White-bellied Antbird, Myrmeciza longipes
  • Chestnut-backed Antbird, Myrmeciza exsul
  • Gray-bellied Antbird, Myrmeciza pelzelni
  • Black-throated Antbird, Myrmeciza atrothorax

[edit] Unassigned

• Genus Biatas
  • White-bearded Antshrike, Biatas nigropectus

[edit] References

• Irestedt, Martin; Fjeldså, Jon; Johansson, Ulf S. & Ericson, Per G.P. (2002): Systematic relationships and biogeography of the tracheophone suboscines (Aves: Passeriformes). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 23(3): 499–512. DOI:10.1016/S1055-7903(02)00034-9 (HTML abstract)

• Irestedt, Martin; Fjeldså, Jon; Nylander, Johan A. A. & Ericson, Per G. P. (2004): Phylogenetic relationships of typical antbirds (Thamnophilidae) and test of incongruence based on Bayes factors. BMC Evol. Biol. 4: 23. DOI:10.1186/1471-2148-4-23 Supplementary information

• Rice, Nathan H. (2005): Further Evidence for Paraphyly of the Formicariidae (Passeriformes). Condor 107(4): 910-915. DOI:10.1650/7696.1 PDF fulltext

[edit] Footnotes

1. ^ ^{a b c d e f g} Placement here needs confirmation.

[edit] External links

• Internet Bird Collection: Antbird videos

• Xeno-Canto.org: Antbird sounds