Andrew Furuseth

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Andrew Furuseth
Circa 1879.
Born March 12, 1854
Romedal, Norway
Died January 22, 1938
San Francisco, California
Occupation Merchant seaman and labor reformer
Spouse None
Parents Andreas and Marthe Nielsen
Children None

Andrew Furuseth (March 12, 1854 - January 22, 1938) of Romedal, Norway[1] was a merchant seaman and an American labor leader. Furuseth was active in the formation of two influential maritime unions: the Sailor's Union of the Pacific and the International Seamen's Union, and served as the executive of both for decades.

Furuseth was largely responsible for the passage of four reforms that changed the lives of American mariners. Two of which, the Maguire Act of 1895 and the White Act of 1898 ended corporal punishment and abolished imprisonment for deserting a vessel.

Furuseth was credited as the key figure behind drafting and enacting the Seamen's Act of 1915, hailed by many as "The Magna Carta of the Sea" and the Jones Act of 1920 which governs the workers compensation rights of sailors and the use of foreign vessels in domestic trade.[2][3]

[edit] Family and early years

Furuseth was born Anders Andreassen Nilsen,[4] the fifth child of Andreas and Marthe Nielsen. The family had recently moved to a cottage in Furuseth, which lies in what is now the municipality of Stange. In accordance with local custom, the boy was named after his birthplace.

In 1855, the family moved to Damstuen where the elder Nilsen took a low-paying job working at a dam. Five more children were born, causing the family financial distress. At age eight, Furuseth was sent to work for a farmer, Jonas S. Schjotz in nearby Ostby, Romedal. Schjotz, noticing the young Furuseth's keen mind, sent him to a private Lutheran school.

On June 2, 1870 Furuseth moved to Oslo (then Christiana). He worked as a clerk and attempted to enter a military academy. Although he was ultimately unsuccessful in this bid, he did develop skills with the English, German, Dutch and French languages, which not only brought him employment at the time but would become very useful later in his life.

[edit] Career at sea

Furuseth started his career sailing on a barque out of Drammen, Norway.
Furuseth started his career sailing on a barque out of Drammen, Norway.

Furuseth went to sea in 1873[5] and sailed aboard ships under the Norwegian, Swedish, British, and American flags until coming ashore in San Francisco, California in August 1880.[5] He briefly pursued a career in the fishing industry near Portland, Oregon.

The Coast Seaman's Union was formed while Furuseth was at sea, but he joined within three months of its formation, on June 3, 1885. Less than two years later, in January 1887, he was elected to the union's highest office: the secretary-treasurer. In 1889 he returned to sea but was reelected to the position of union secretary in 1891. It was during this term[6] on July 29, 1891 that Furuseth merged the Coast Seamen's Union with the Steamship Sailor's Union to create the Sailor's Union of the Pacific, a union which is still active today.[4] With the exception of a two-month period when he shipped out as a fisherman, he was the head of the SUP until 1935.[5]

Less than a year after the birth of the ISU, Furuseth was involved in a meeting in Chicago, Illinois in which a federation of maritime unions called the "National Union of Seamen of America" was created. In 1895, this federation affiliated with the American Federation of Labor and was renamed the "International Seamen's Union of America" or (ISU). Furuseth was chosen as the ISU's president in 1897 and served in this position until 1899. In 1908, he was again elected to the ISU's presidency and served in that office until 1938.[6]

[edit] The Seamen's Act of 1915

For more details on this topic, see Seamen's Act.
Andrew Furuseth (left) with Senator La Follette (center), and muckraker Lincoln Steffens, circa 1915.
Andrew Furuseth (left) with Senator La Follette (center), and muckraker Lincoln Steffens, circa 1915.

It was during this period, that Furuseth successfully pushed for legislative reforms that eventually became the Seamen's Act of 1915.[6] The act was hailed by many as the "Magna Carta of the Sea," and was sponsored in the United States Senate by Senator "Fightin' Bob" La Folette. The measure also received had significant support from then Secretary of Labor William B. Wilson.

The Act promoted the living and working conditions of seamen serving in the United States Merchant Marine, specifically applying to vessels in excess of 100 gross tons. It fundamentally changed the life of the American sailor. Among other things, it:

  1. abolished the practice of imprisonment for seamen who deserted their ship
  2. reduced the penalties for disobedience
  3. regulated a seaman's working hours both at sea and in port
  4. established a minimum quality for ship's food
  5. regulated the payment of seamen's wages
  6. required specific levels of safety, particularly the provision of lifeboats
  7. required a minimum percentage of the seamen aboard a vessel to be qualified Able Seamen
  8. required a minimum of 75% of the seamen aboard a vessel to understand the language spoken by the officers

[edit] Later life

A monument was erected to Furuseth at San Francisco Embarcadero on September 1, 1942. It was later moved to make way for a highway.
A monument was erected to Furuseth at San Francisco Embarcadero on September 1, 1942. It was later moved to make way for a highway.

Furuseth's presidency of the ISU was at a turbulent time in the American shipping industry. The unions within the ISU faced "continual changeover in the makeup and leadership,"[2] and weathered the historical periods of the Great Depression and World War I. Select periods were beneficial, including during World War I when a shipping boom and ISU's membership included more than 115,000 dues-paying members.[2]

The strike of 1919 was a great success for Furuseth, resulting in the highest peacetime wages ever for deep sea sailors. However failures followed close behind. When the World War I shipping boom ended, the ISU shrunk to only 50,000 dues-paying members.[2] After a round of failed contract negotiations, ISU issued an all-ports strike on May 1, 1921. which lasted only two months, failed, and resulted in wage cuts of 25%.[2]

ISU also suffered a tremendous blow with the loss of the Sailors' Union of the Pacific in 1934. Furuseth charged that "radicals" from the Industrial Workers of the World were infiltrating the SUP[2] and demanded they cease activities with the Maritime Federation. The SUP refused and Furuseth revoked their charter.[7]

In 1934, Furuseth was involved San Francisco's longshoremen's strike.[2] Furuseth had lived in San Francisco's Embarcadero for 40 years, and was concerned the strike could lead to the kind of violence experienced in the recent Auto-Lite and the Minneapolis Teamsters strikes. He unsuccessfully attempted to mediate, pleading "With confidence and justice we can settle this strike within 24 hours and without bloodshed. Men, let's get together while there is still time. The only thing in the way of peace now is distrust, one group of the other."[8] The strike led to the unionization of all West Coast ports of the United States.

Furuseth died on January 22, 1938. His body was placed in state at the Department of Labor. He was the first labor leader honored in this way.[5] A ceremony was held, including seventy-one honorary pall bearers, including the "Secretary Of Labor, nine members of the House of Representatives, seven United States Senators, two Supreme Court Justices, and a representative of Norway."[1][5] Longtime friend Senator Robert La Follette gave the eulogy.

Furuseth's body was cremated and his ashes scattered on March 21, 1938 aboard the SS Schoharoe in the mid-Atlantic. The ship's master, before the assembled crew saud "Fellow shipmates, we are assembled here to execute the wish to (sic.) Andrew Furuseth, venerable man, an unselfish worker for the betterment of seamen, who through legal means has done more to secure improved conditions under which you can work than any other man."[5]

[edit] Trivia

  • Furuseth's SUP Book Number was 11.[5]

[edit] Memorials

The Launching of the Liberty Ship SS Andrew Furuseth.
The Launching of the Liberty Ship SS Andrew Furuseth.
  • The Sailor's Union of the Pacific established Andrew Furuseth School of Seamanship.[9]
  • There is a monument to Furuseth in Romedal, Norway[10]
  • There is a monument to Furuseth outside entrance to the Sailors Union of the Pacific Hall in San Francisco, California.[10] Inscribed on it is the "Furuseth Credo": "You can put me in jail. But you cannot give me narrower quarters than as a seaman I have always had. You cannot give me coarser food than I have always eaten. You cannot make me lonlier than I have always been."[5]
  • The Andrew Furseth Memorial Bust is at the National Portrait Gallery in Washington, D.C.[10]
  • The liberty ship SS Andrew Furuseth was named after Furuseth. A crewman aboard this ship told the story that would eventually become the Philadelphia Experiment.

[edit] Notes

  1. ^ a b About Andrew Furuseth. .ljsvendsen.com. Retrieved on March 18, 2007.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g SIU & Maritime History. SIU History. Retrieved on March 17, 2007.
  3. ^ American Merchant Marine Timeline, 1789 - 2005. columbia.edu. Retrieved on March 29, 2007.
  4. ^ a b Andrew Furuseth. jrank.org. Retrieved on March 18, 2007.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h Andrew Furuseth Special Edition. West Coast Sailors, March 12 2004. Retrieved on March 21, 2007.
  6. ^ a b c Andrew Furuseth. Norwegian American Hall of Fame. Retrieved on March 16, 2007.
  7. ^ Harry Bridges: Rank-and-File Leader. The Nation. Retrieved on March 24, 2007.
  8. ^ Boards for Clubs. Time Magazine. Retrieved on March 28, 2007.
  9. ^ Welfare Notes - September 2002. SUP website. Retrieved on March 16, 2007.
  10. ^ a b c Labor Landmarks "F". laborheritage.org. Retrieved on March 18, 2007.

[edit] References

  • William Martin Camp, San Francisco: Port of Gold Doubleday 1947
  • Symposium on Andrew Furuseth. New Bedford, Massachusetts, 1948. 233 p.
  • Bergmann, Leola M. (1950), Americans from Norway, Philadelphia.
  • Gjerset, Knut (1933), Norwegian Sailors in American Waters: A Study in the History of Maritime Activity on the Eastern Seaboard, Northfield, Minnesota.
  • Kyne, Peter B. (December), "Saint Andrew the Sailor; the Most Unforgettable Character I Ever Met", Reader's Digest 35 (9): 14.
  • Ljone, Oddim (February), "Sjøens Abraham Lincoln (Abraham Lincoln of the Sea)", Nordmanns-forbundet 47 (25): 27.
  • Rygg, A.N. (June), "Andrew Furuseth", American-Scandinavian Review 26 (125): 153.
  • Rygg, A.N. (June 24, 1948), "Andrew Furuseth", Nordisk tidende.
  • Weintraub, Hyman (1959), Andrew Furuseth: Emancipator of the Seamen.
  • Gibson, E. Kay (2006), Brutality on Trial: Hellfire Pedersen, Fighting Hansen, And the Seaman's Act of 1915, University Press of Florida, ISBN 0813029910.

[edit] See also

Portal:Nautical
 Nautical Portal
Portal:Organized Labour
 Organized Labour Portal

[edit] External links



Persondata
NAME Furuseth, Andrew
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Nilsen, Anders Andreassen
SHORT DESCRIPTION Merchant seaman and labor reformer
DATE OF BIRTH March 12, 1854
PLACE OF BIRTH Romedal, Norway
DATE OF DEATH January 22, 1938
PLACE OF DEATH San Francisco, California
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