Amien Rais

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Amien Rais (born Surakarta, Central Java 26 April 1944) is a prominent Indonesian politician who led and inspired the reform movement that forced the resignation of the authoritarian ruler, President Suharto, in 1998. Amien Rais was the leader of Muhammadiyah, one of the two biggest Muslim organizations in Indonesia, in 1995 - 2000. Amien Rais was the chairman of Indonesian People's Consultative Assembly (MPR) in 1999 - 2004.

Contents 1 Childhood 2 Family life 3 Education 4 Activities in Muhammadiyah and ICMI 5 Political career 6 References

[edit] Childhood

Amien Rais was the second child to Suhud Rais and Sudalmiyah. The couple were Muhammadiyah activists in Surakarta. Suhud Rais graduated from Muhammadiyah's Mualimin high school. He worked in Surakarta's religion affairs office. He also was a member of Muhammadiyah's Board of Education in Surakarta chapter. Sudalmiyah was an activist in Aisiyah, a Muhammadiyah's women organization and had been its chairperson for 20 years. She graduated from Muhammadiyah's teaching school "Hogere Indlansche Kweekschool". She was a member of Masyumi party in the 1950s. She was awarded " The Central Java Best Mother" in 1985.

Amien's siblings are Fatimah ( a daughter, the first child ), Abdul Rozak, Ahmad Dahlan, Siti Aisyah and Siti Asyiah. They were brought up with a strict discipline as their mother taught to them. In various occasions, Amien Rais said that his mother affected him much in his life. He always took time to meet or to consult with his mother - who died on 14th September 2001.

[edit] Family life

Amien married his childhood friend, Kusnasriyati Sri Rahayu in 1969. During their ten years of marriage, they had had no child despite various medical treatments. In Mecca - on their haj pilgrimage - they prayed in front of the Kaaba hoping that God would give them a baby. Two months later, Mrs. Rais was pregnant! The couple now have 5 children ( Ahmad Hanafi, Hanum Salsabiela, Ahmad Mumtaz, Tasniem Fauzia and Ahmad Baihaqi ).

[edit] Education

When in primary school, Amien wanted to be a mayor which was inspired by Muhammad Saleh, the then mayor of Surakarta. Saleh was a respected person in his tenure. But in senior high school, Amien made up his mind and wanted to be an ambassador. This might lead him to enroll in international relations department in Gadjah Mada University. Amien graduated from the university in 1968 and attended Al Azhar University in Cairo, Egypt as a student fellow until 1969. Amien earned his master degree from University of Notre Dame, Indiana in 1974. His thesis was on the Egypt's President Anwar Sadat's foreign policy. In 1984, he earned a Ph.D degree in political science from the University of Chicago. His thesis was " The Moslem Brotherhood in Egypt : Its Rise, Demise and Resurgence ". In 1988, he attended a post-doctoral program in George Washington University, Washington, DC.

[edit] Activities in Muhammadiyah and ICMI

After his studies in United States, he had been a Middle East specialist and noted for being a critic on US foreign policy. Controversially, Rais learned a lot about human rights and democracy in US. Amien Rais' activities in Muhammadiyah started in 1985 where he led The Council of Preacher ( Majelis Tabligh). Later in 1990, Rais was vice chairman elected in a convention ( muktamar ) in Yogyakarta. Amien Rais also was active in the newly established ICMI ( Ikatan Cendikiawan Muslim Indonesia ), the Muslim Scholars Association. Rais led ICMI's Expert Council, but resigned in 1997 under pressure from Suharto because he argued on the Busang and the Freeport cases. In 1995, Rais replaced Azhar Basyir, then the chairman of Muhammadiyah, who passed away soon after his re-election. In 1993, at a Muhammadiyah mid-term meeting ( Tanwir ) in Surabaya, Rais urged a presidential succession, a very rare issue amid the New order regime. The political and economical decay in Indonesia during the 90s had Rais call a comprehensive issue : the political reform. Amien Rais was eventually a forerunner in crushing the New Order regime. This made him a number one enemy for Suharto's administration.

[edit] Political career

In 1998, Amien Rais had been outspoken with the Reform movement. However this would also force the New Order regime to ban any demonstration reflecting the people's voice over Reformasi. In May 1998, Jakarta experienced a chaotic situation following the riots in some parts of the city. The army and the police forces were likely unable to handle the situation as President Suharto had a state visit to Cairo, Egypt. Upon his arrival from Cairo, Suharto learnt that the situation was out of control. Several days later, he invited some Muslim prominent figures - including Abdurrahman Wahid, Emha Ainun Najib, Nurcholis Madjid and Malik Fajar - to discuss the nation's current condition. Suharto proposed to establish a Reform Committee, to reshuffle the cabinet ministers and to resign from the presidency within 6 months. This was not responded by those who attended the meeting. Suharto was panic as 14 of his ministers resigned from the cabinet. On 20th May, Amien Rais cancelled the mass rally to Monas square as an army general threated to make "another Tiananmen" should he do so. It's no longer than 24 hours that Suharto resigned from his office and was replaced by Vice President B.J. Habibie.

Amien Rais and other reformists established The National Mandate Party ( Partai Amanat Nasional / PAN ) on 6th August 1998. Amien Rais was elected its first chairman with Faisal Basri as secretary general. Therefore his position in Muhammadiyah was replaced by vice chairman Ahmad Syafii Ma'arif. PAN gained 6 percent votes in 1999 election that failed to nominate Rais as a president's candidate. However the political compromise made Amien lead the People Consultative Assembly ( MPR ). Being a king maker, Amien Rais and other Islam parties and Golongan Karya succesfully elected Abdurrahman Wahid as president and Megawati Sukarnoputri as vice president. Amien Rais was also the leading figure in the Indonesian constitution's amandment process.

In 2004 presidential election, Amien Rais and Siswono Judohusodo - nominated by PAN, The Prosperous Justice Party (PKS) and some small political parties - earned 15 % votes.

Amien Rais is currently the Chairman of PAN's Advisory Board and is a professor in Gadjah Mada University.

[edit] References

• [http//www.tokohindonesia.com]
• [http//www.muhammadiyah.or.id]