American Underworld Trilogy
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American Underworld Trilogy is the collective name given to three novels by American crime author James Ellroy. They are American Tabloid (1995), The Cold Six Thousand (2001, published as American Death Trip in France) and Police Gazette (to be published as American Madness in France). Police Gazette has not yet been published but is tentatively expected in late 2007.
The trilogy blends fiction and history to tell a story of political and legal corruption in the American establishment between 1958 and 1973. American Tabloid covers the years 1958 to 1963, beginning exactly five years before the assassination of John Fitzgerald Kennedy, with the assassination as the book's denoument.
The Cold Six Thousand begins concurrently with American Tabloid's end. It covers a slightly longer period, culminating in the twin assassinations of Martin Luther King Jr. and Robert Francis Kennedy.
The sequel to American Tabloid and The Cold Six Thousand; the concluding volume of The Underworld U.S.A. Trilogy. Said by Ellroy to span the years 1968-1973, encompassing Vietnam, the death of J. Edgar Hoover and the reign of President Richard M. Nixon. Ellroy also intimates we will "learn who really killed Sonny Liston." The novel, like American Tabloid and The Cold Six Thousand, will be structured around a trio of central characters including the returning Wayne Tedrow Jr. From a page-count standpoint, Ellroy also vows the book will be the longest of the trilogy. Ellroy has also stated that the novel will not be titled Police Gazette, as previously rumored.
Contents |
[edit] Books
- (1995) American Tabloid
- (2001) The Cold Six Thousand
- (2007?) Title Unknown (according to Ellroy it will not be named Police Gazette)
[edit] Literary devices and innovations
Ellroy has developed a number of literary innovations in his work and these have found their fullest expression in this trilogy.
[edit] Triple narrator
This is a type of third person narration that Ellroy first used in The Big Nowhere (1988) and its sequel L.A. Confidential (1990). It was discarded in Ellroy's next book White Jazz (1992), (which used a standard first person narrator,) but was reinstated for American Tabloid and The Cold Six Thousand.
It consists of presenting three major protagonists, each with chapters that are identifably "theirs". Each chapter is written in third person but excludes any information of which the protagonist would be unaware. For the most part, it distributes the chapters evenly between the three protagonists and will run in a consistent ABCABC sequence. Exceptions to this include the death of one of the protagonists, in which case it will revert to ABABAB.
Ellroy adds further consistencies in the way he uses this device, such as all three protagonists being male, being police or ex-policemen, each having a female love-interest (frequently shared), and having the interrelation of the three protagonists as a point of interest.
The scope of this device was widened in the American Underworld Trilogy by presenting protagonists who "survive" from the first book, to become protagonists in the second.
[edit] Document inserts
Like the "triple narrator", the insertion of documents is a device that Ellroy used previous to the American Underworld Trilogy, notably in L.A. Confidential and White Jazz. It provides an opportunity to present objective information that might not be accessible to the protagonists. This device appears between the "proper" chapters and purports to be a factual transcript of various documents of significance to the story.
This gives the books a semi-"documentary" feel, although the "documents" are entirely fictional.
In L.A. Confidential and White Jazz, the "documents" were usually newspaper articles, confidential reports and memoranda, and personal letters. In American Underworld Trilogy, the possible uses have been expanded to include transcripts of telephone conversations and bug and wiretap transcripts.
[edit] Historical figures
Although, strictly speaking, the device of blending fictional characters with historical figures is not original with Ellroy, in American Underworld Trilogy he has done this in a way that has rarely been matched elsewhere. The combination is close to fifty-fifty and it is often difficult to determine which is which.
In American Tabloid, the historical figures who appear directly in the action include: John Kennedy, Robert Kennedy, Joseph Kennedy, Jimmy Hoffa, J. Edgar Hoover, Howard Hughes, Frank Sinatra, Sam Giancana and other Cosa Nostra figures, including Jack Ruby. In The Cold Six Thousand, there is added: Lee Harvey Oswald, Martin Luther King Jr., Sonny Liston and Sal Mineo.
In most cases, the actions of the historical figures is not that of record, but Ellroy provides deft character essays on each.
