American Goldfinch

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Eastern or American Goldfinch

Conservation status
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Passeriformes
Family: Fringillidae
Genus: Carduelis
Species: C. tristis
Binomial name
Carduelis tristis
(Linnaeus, 1758)

The Eastern or American Goldfinch (Carduelis tristis) is a typical North American seed-eating member of the finch (Fringillidae) family, averaging 11 cm in length. It breeds across southern Canada from British Columbia to Newfoundland and through most of the United States north of the Gulf and core Southwestern States.

It prefers trees in open places, especially in orchards and along roadsides. As winter approaches, the goldfinch moves short distances towards the south. Its winter range includes southern British Columbia, Manitoba, Ontario, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and most of the United States.

In spring the birds moult all but their black wing and tail feathers, and the bills of both sexes turn orange. The male assumes brilliant canary yellow plumage and a striking jet black cap; he has a very pleasing call song. In flight, a white rump contrasts with the black tail. The common winter plumage is a duller olive-brown with some yellow still showing on the head. In some winter ranges the birds lose all traces of yellow, becoming predominantly medium tan-grey banded colour, with an olive cast evident only on close viewing.

Female American goldfinch in winter plumage.
Female American goldfinch in winter plumage.

Their flight path is not straight horizontally; instead, they generally fly while going slightly up and down, making an ocean wave-shaped path. The American Goldfinch lays four to six bluish white eggs, roughly the size of peanuts.

Their favorite foods (at least in the U.S.) are thistle and teasel seeds. However, they also eat small seeds from other weeds, grasses and trees, tree buds, maple sap and sometimes insects. In winter, they are often seen in flocks.

This is the state bird of Iowa, New Jersey, and Washington.[1] This bird is also known as the Wild Canary.

See also: European Goldfinch

Contents

[edit] Gallery

Goldfinch at thistle feeder

Nest of an American Goldfinch

[edit] References

  1. ^ Symbols of Washington State. Washington State Legislature. Retrieved on March 11, 2007.

[edit] External links

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[edit] Further reading

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[edit] Book

  • Middleton, A. L. A. 1993. American Goldfinch (Carduelis tristis). In The Birds of North America, No. 80 (A. Poole and F. Gill, Eds.). Philadelphia: The Academy of Natural Sciences; Washington, D.C.: The American Ornithologists’ Union.

[edit] Thesis

  • Bay MD. Ph.D. (1994). Effects of area and vegetation on breeding bird communities in early successional oldfields. University of Arkansas, United States -- Arkansas.
  • Brunet R. Ph.D. (1997). Impact d'agents anticholinergiques sur differents parametres des rythmes circadiens aviaires. Universite de Sherbrooke (Canada), Canada.
  • Buttemer WA. Ph.D. (1981). THE THERMAL SIGNIFICANCE OF WINTER ROOST-SITE SELECTION BY AMERICAN GOLDFINCHES (CARDUELIS TRISTIS). University of Michigan, United States -- Michigan.
  • Chabwela HN. Ph.D. (1982). EFFECTS OF AGGREGATE MINING OPERATIONS ON WILDLIFE IN SOUTHERN ONTARIO. University of Guelph (Canada), Canada.
  • Gissing GJ. M.Sc. (1994). Analysis of the mating system of the American goldfinch, Carduelis tristis, with non-isotopic DNA fingerprinting. University of Guelph (Canada), Canada.
  • Hamilton TR. D.Ed. (1991). The expansion of the eastern house finch population and its impact on populations of house sparrows, purple finches and American goldfinches. Ball State University, United States -- Indiana.
  • Hartup BK. Ph.D. (2000). The epidemiology of mycoplasmal conjunctivitis in house finches (Carpodacus mexicanus). Cornell University, United States -- New York.
  • Jacobsen AM. M.Sc. (1990). Sex ratios of nestling American goldfinches (Carduelis tristis) at Guelph, Ontario. University of Guelph (Canada), Canada.
  • Knight SK. Ph.D. (1986). ASYNCHRONOUS HATCHING AND FOOD PROVISIONING OF NESTLING SONGBIRDS (SIBLING COMPETITION, SIZE HIERARCHY, BROOD REDUCTION, GRANIVOROUS, ALTRICIAL). The University of Wisconsin - Madison, United States -- Wisconsin.
  • Liknes ET. Ph.D. (2005). Seasonal acclimatization patterns and mechanisms in small, temperate-resident passerines: Phenotypic flexibility of complex traits. University of South Dakota, United States -- South Dakota.
  • MacDougall AK. M.Sc. (2003). Reproductive correlates of plumage coloration in American goldfinches (Carduelis tristis). Queen's University at Kingston (Canada), Canada.
  • Mansfield-Jones J. Ph.D. (1995). Impact of intestinal coccidiosis on the American goldfinch, Carduelis tristis. University of Michigan, United States -- Michigan.
  • Mayer LP. Ph.D. (1981). THE IMPORTANCE OF SEASONAL MICROCLIMATE UTILIZATION OF TWO SMALL BIRDS, CAROLINA CHICKADEE (PARUS CAROLINENSIS) AND AMERICAN GOLDFINCH (CARDUELIS TRISTIS). The Ohio State University, United States -- Ohio.
  • Miller LJ. Ph.D. (1978). THE SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL DISPERSION OF NESTS AS AN ADAPTATION TO FOOD EXPLOITATION AND NEST PREDATION IN THE AMERICAN GOLDFINCH. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, United States -- Illinois.
  • Mundinger PC. Ph.D. (1969). THE ETHOLOGY OF THE EASTERN AMERICAN GOLDFINCH (SPINUS T. TRISTIS) IN RELATION TO ITS ANNUAL TESTICULAR CYCLE. Cornell University, United States -- New York.
  • Olson VA. M.Sc. (1996). Coccidia and sexual selection in the American goldfinch (Carduelis tristis): A test of the Hamilton-Zuk hypothesis. University of Guelph (Canada), Canada.
  • Pengelly M. M.Sc. (1982). The mating system of the American Goldfinch, Carduelis tristis (Passeriformes: Fringillidae). University of Guelph (Canada), Canada.
  • Popp JW. Ph.D. (1987). AGGRESSION AND AGONISTIC COMMUNICATION AMONG AMERICAN GOLDFINCHES AND PURPLE FINCHES. The University of Wisconsin - Milwaukee, United States -- Wisconsin.
  • Van't Hof TJ. Ph.D. (1992). Seasonal variation in levels of thyroid and reproductive hormones in three sympatric cardueline finches. University of Michigan, United States -- Michigan.
  • Witt JW. Ph.D. (2005). Shrub and grassland birds at Occoquan Bay National Wildlife Refuge in northern Virginia and the influence burning and mowing has had upon their distribution and abundance. George Mason University, United States -- Virginia.

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