Alpha-Pinene
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
- The correct title of this article is alpha-Pinene. The initial letter is shown capitalized due to technical restrictions.
| alpha-Pinene | ||
|---|---|---|
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| General | ||
| Systematic name | (1S,5S-2,6,6-trimethyl bicyclo[3.1.1]hept-2-ene ((−)-Pinene) |
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| Other names | ||
| Molecular formula | C10H16 | |
| SMILES | CC1(C)C2CC1C(C)=CC2 | |
| Molar mass | 136.23 g/mol | |
| Appearance | Clear, colourless liquid | |
| CAS number | [80-56-8] (unspecified) [7785-70-8] (+)-α-Pinene [7785-26-4] (−)-α-Pinene) |
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| Properties | ||
| Density and phase | 0.858 g/mL, liquid at 20° C | |
| Solubility in water | Very low | |
| Solubility in acetic acid | miscible | |
| Solubility in ethanol | miscible | |
| Solubility in acetone | miscible | |
| Melting point | −64 °C (209 K) | |
| Boiling point | 155 °C (428 K) | |
| Chiral rotation [α]D | −50.7°, (1S,5S-Pinene) | |
| Hazards | ||
| MSDS | External MSDS | |
| Main hazards | flammable | |
| NFPA 704 |
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| R-phrases | 10-20/21/22-36/37/38-43-51 | |
| S-phrases | 16-26-36-37-60-61 | |
| RTECS number | DT7000000 (unspec. isomer) | |
| Supplementary data page | ||
| Structure and properties |
n, εr, etc. | |
| Thermodynamic data |
Phase behaviour Solid, liquid, gas |
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| Spectral data | UV, IR, NMR, MS | |
| Related compounds | ||
| Related alkenes | Beta-Pinene, Camphene 3-Carene, Bornene Limonene |
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| Related compounds | Borneol, Camphor Alpha-Terpineol |
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| Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C, 100 kPa) Infobox disclaimer and references |
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α-Pinene is an organic compound of the terpene class, one of two isomers of pinene. It is an alkene and it contains a reactive four-membered ring. It is found in the oils of many species of many coniferous trees, notably the pine. Both enantiomers are known in nature; 1S,5S- or (−)-α-pinene is commoner in European pines, whereas the 1R,5R- or (+)-α-isomer is commoner in North America. The racemic mixture is present in some oils such as eucalyptus oil.
Contents |
[edit] Chemical properties
[edit] General reactivity
The four-membered ring in α-pinene 1 makes it a reactive hydrocarbon, prone to skeletal rearrangements such as the Wagner-Meerwein rearrangement. For example, attempts to perform hydration or hydrogen halide addition with the alkene functionality typically lead to rearranged products. of under acidic conditions. With concentrated sulfuric acid and ethanol the major products are terpineol 2 and its ethyl ether 3, while glacial acetic acid gives the corresponding acetate ester 4. With dilute acids, terpin hydrate 5 becomes the major product.
With one molar equivalent of anhydrous HCl, the simple addition product 6a can be formed at low temperature in the presence of ether, but it is very unstable. At normal temperatures, or if no ether is present, the major product is bornyl chloride 6b, along with a small amount of fenchyl chloride 6c. For many years 6b (also called "artificial camphor") was referred to as "pinene hydrochloride", until it was confirmed as identical with bornyl chloride made from camphene. If more HCl is used, achiral 7 (dipentene hydrochloride) is the major product along with some 6b. Nitrosyl chloride followed by base leads to the oxime 8 which can be reduced to "pinylamine" 9. Both 8 and 9 are stable compounds containing an intact four-membered ring, and these compounds helped greatly in identifying this important component of the pinene skeleton.
A variety of reagents such as iodine or PCl3 cause aromatisation, leading to p-cymene 10.
[edit] References
- ↑ Simonsen, J. L. (1957) The Terpenes (2nd edition) Vol. 2 Cambridge:Cambridge University Press, pp 105-191.
- ↑ Richter, G. H. (1945) Textbook of Organic Chemistry, 2nd ed., John Wiley & Sons., New York, PP 663-666.
- ↑ Ruzicka & Trebler, Helv. Chim. Acta. 1921, 4, 566.
