Algonquin Provincial Park

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Algonquin Provincial Park
IUCN Category IV (Habitat/Species Management Area)
Autumn Scene in Algonquin Park.
Location:	Ontario, Canada
Nearest city:	Huntsville, Ontario
Area:	7725.0 km²
Established:	1893
Total Visitation:	800,000 to 1 million persons per year (in {{{visitation_year}}})
Governing body:	Ontario Parks

Algonquin Provincial Park is a provincial park located between Georgian Bay and the Ottawa River in central Ontario. It is the first provincial park in Canada, established in 1893, and therefore the oldest in Ontario. covering about 7,725 square kilometres. Its size, combined with its relative proximity to the major urban centres of Toronto and Ottawa make it one of the most popular parks in the province. Highway 60 runs through the south of the park, while the Trans-Canada Highway bypasses it to the north. Over 2400 lakes and 1200 kilometres of streams and rivers are located within the park, including Canoe Lake and the Petawawa, Nipissing, Amable du Fond, Madawaska, and Tim rivers. These were formed by the retreat of the glaciers during the last ice age.

Algonquin Park was named a national historic site in 1992 in recognition of several heritage values, including: its role in the development of park management; pioneering visitor interpretation programs later adopted by national and provincial parks across the country; its role in inspiring artists, which in turn gave Canadians a greater sense of their country; and historic structures such as lodges, hotels, cottages, camps, entrance gates, a railroad station, and administration and museum buildings.

The park is in an area where there is a transition between northern coniferous forest and southern deciduous forest. Because of this unique mixture of forest types, the park contains thousands of species of plants and animals including moose, beaver, black bear, raccoon, porcupine, red squirrel, eastern gray squirrel, eastern chipmunks, mink, marten, otter, fisher, lynx, skunk, meadow vole, eastern red wolf, white tailed deer, lake trout, brook trout, walleye (yellow pickerel), smallmouth bass, fresh water ling, whitefish, rock bass, yellow perch, pumpkinseed sunfish, northern pike, muskellunge, freshwater sculpin, maple, and spruce, and is an important site for wildlife research.

1 Park creation
2 History
3 Interior camping
4 Summer camps
5 Fishing
6 Rivers
7 See also
8 External links

[edit] Park creation

Postage stamp marking Algonquin Park's centennial in 1993.

In the 19th century, the logging industry harvested the large white pine and red pine trees, to produce lumber for domestic and American markets, as well as square timber for export to Great Britain. Homesteaders and farmers settled the area.

The act to establish Algonquin Park was drawn up in 1892 by a five member Royal Commission made up of Alexander Kirkwood (the chairman and Commissioner of Crown Lands), James Dickson (Ontario Land Surveyor), Archibald Blue (director of mines), Robert Phipps (head of the Forestry Branch, and Aubrey White (Assistant Commissioner of Crown Lands), appointed to inquire into and report on the matter. Their report recommended that the park should be established in the territory lying near and enclosing the headwaters of five major rivers, those being: the Muskoka, Madawaska (including Opeongo), Amable du Fond, Petawawa and South rivers.

1893 Survey of Park Lands

The commissioners remarked in their report: "the experience of older countries had everywhere shown that the wholesale and indiscrimate slaughter of forests brings a host of evils in its train. Wide tracts are converted from fertile plains into arid desert, springs and streams are dried up, and the rainfall, instead of percolating gently through the forest floor and finding its way by easy stages by brook and river to the lower levels, now descends the valley in hurrying torrents, carrying before it tempestuous floods."

Although much of the area within Algonquin had been under licence for some time, it was intended to make the Park an object lesson in forestry, the land being yet well timbered with pine and hardwoods. Under the act, only licences to cut pine would be issued for limits within the park. Although the commissioners had recommended that when the hardwood was mature, it too should be cut.

An Act to establish "Algonquin National Park of Ontario" was passed by the Ontario Legislature, May 23, 1893(56 Vic.,c.8). However, the park has always been under the jurisdiction of the provincial government. No provincial parks existed until Algonquin, but there was a new movement to create national parks since Banff's establishment in 1885. The name was changed to Algonquin Provincial Park in 1913.

The boundaries of the Park included 18 townships within the District of Nipissing, covering an area of 1,466 square miles (3797 km²) of which 10% was under water. The tract of land was to be set apart, as a public park, health resort and pleasure ground for the benefit, advantage and enjoyment of all the people of the province. The year following the park's creation saw the portions of six new townships added to the existing park's boundaries (Paxton, McCroney, Finlayson, Butt, Ballantyne, and Boyd). The first four were immediately put up for auction that same year. The overall production of the lumber companies operating in the park at the time increased from two hundred and eighty-eight million board feet in 1886 to three hundred and forty-three million board feet in 1896.

A staff of rangers was placed in it, the game protected, and the forest fires kept out. By 1910 Algonquin was alive with game of all kinds, deer and beaver being numerous. Thousands of people had visited the great pleasure resort and it was said to be undeniably one of the most beautiful natural parks in the Dominion, if not on this continent." All this had entailed a large expenditure by the government, which was recovered chiefly through the maintenance of timber licences. There was no fee for camping permits, though a nominal charge was introduced for fishing and guides' licences when "An Act to establish the Algonquin National Park of Ontario" was again passed by the legislature, March 19, 1910. This new legislation included the original area as well as portions of ten townships annexed into the park since 1893, and allowed for further expansion by the addition of adjacent townships, should it become necessary.

[edit] History

Tom Thomson's April in Algonquin Park (1917), on a stamp issued in 1977.

In time, the area's beauty became recognized by nature preservationists. It quickly became popular with fishermen and hunters, as well as artists such as Tom Thomson along with members of the Group of Seven, who found the landscape inspiring. Thomson served as a guide in the park and did much of his painting at Canoe Lake. He died under mysterious circumstances at Canoe Lake in 1917. A plaque recognizing his national historic significance stands at the Visitor Center dock on Canoe Lake, erected by the Historic Sites and Monuments Board of Canada. A totem pole memorial and plaque erected by friends stands on a peninsula near the north end of the lake.

Today the park is a popular year-round outdoor activity area. There are eleven designated campgrounds along the edges of the park, especially along Highway 60, but it is possible to camp further inside the park in sites accessible only by canoe or on foot. There is one group campground with 18 sites of various sizes to accommodate groups of 20, 30, or 40. Other activities include fishing, mountain biking, horseback riding, and cross country skiing. Algonquin is also home to a very popular Natural Heritage Education program, the most popular program being the weekly wolf howls on Thursdays in the month of August, and sometimes in the first week of September if there is a Thursday before Labour Day, weather and wolves permitting. Park staff attempt to locate a pack Wednesday evening and if successful, they announce a public wolf howl the next day.

Logging continues to this day in Algonquin Park, but it is strictly managed in order to maintain the park's natural environment and to prevent interference with any other activities taking place. A Crown Corporation called the Algonquin Forestry Authority does all the harvesting and supplies various company mills.

Up until 1995, the main line of the Canadian National Railway passed through the northern part of the park.

[edit] Interior camping

Although there are numerous drive-in campgrounds in Algonquin, the park is better known for its interior camping, that is, campsites which are only accessible by canoe or hiking in the summer, or ski or snowshoe in the winter. Algonquin Park provides some of Canada's best canoeing, with hundreds of navigable lakes and rivers forming a vast interconnected system. The further a camper progresses from access points, the more wild the park will become, and it is possible to spend several days in the interior with little or no sight of other campers. Park staff maintain portages between all major and even smaller lakes, and interior campsite reservations can be made through the main Ontario Parks reservation system. Potential interior campers should note that there are two types of portages in the park; those marked as red lines on the map are well-maintained and usually well-travelled, while those marked in black receive much less maintenance and can be considerably more difficult to follow.

Interior campsites can vary widely, and aside from the historic ranger cabins none have any permanent shelter. Sufficient bad-weather gear (tents, tarps, etc) should be brought so the trip can remain enjoyable in the face of less-than-perfect weather. All campsites have prepared firepits, which should be the only location used for fires. Fires made in non-prepared sites can cause underground roots to burn, allowing the fire to spread and is very difficult to extinguish. Park rules and suggestions for gear can be found on the reverse of the official Algonquin Park map.

Interior camping can provide excellent wildlife viewing opportunities. The eerie call of the common loon can be heard from every campground and loons can be seen on almost every lake. Moose, deer, and beaver are not uncommon, especially along waterways, given sufficiently quiet campers. Black bears, although present in the Park, are seldom seen, especially if appropriate precautions to avoid attracting them are taken. Wolves may be heard, but will likely remain distant from campers.

[edit] Summer camps

Algonquin Park is home to many historic summer camps, including:

Camp Ahmek (boys) and Camp Wapomeo (girls) (The Taylor Statten Camps), on Canoe Lake
Camp Arowhon (boys and girls) on Teepee Lake,
Camp Pathfinder (boys) on Source Lake,
Northway Lodge (girls) and its affiliate Camp Wendigo, a tripping outpost for boys, on Cache Lake,
Camp Tamakwa (boys and girls), on South Tea Lake
Camp Tanamakoon (girls) on Lake Tanamakoon (linked to Cache Lake).

Camps are members of the Ontario Camping Association.

[edit] Fishing

Fishing is allowed in the Park for holders of valid Ontario fishing licenses, with the purchase of a daily or seasonal vehicle permit as well available through the Ministry of Natural Resources. Fish such as bass, yellow perch, trout and pike can be found in the waterways of the park. The further an angler is willing to travel from an access point, the more likely that the fishing will be outstanding - those willing to make the effort to portage their gear to a more secluded interior lake will often be rewarded.

[edit] Rivers

The park contains and protects the headwaters of these rivers:

Canoeists try unsuccesfully to run a beaver dam in the park.	Early morning fog begins to lift on Burnt Island Lake.	A Moose Dines on Lily Pads	Morning Twilight
No water on the Amable du Fond River in August.	Portaging Canoes	Algonquin Sunset	Algonquin Sunset
A view of a valley	Lookout over Cache Lake