Alfred A. Knopf (person)
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Alfred A. Knopf (September 12, 1892 – August 11, 1984) was a leading American publisher of the 20th century, founder of Alfred A. Knopf, Inc.. His contemporaries included the likes of Bennett Cerf and Donald Klopfer, and (of the previous generation) Frank Nelson Doubleday, J. Henry Harper and Henry Holt. Knopf paid special attention to the quality of printing, binding, and design in his books, and earned a reputation as a purist in both content and presentation.
Asked how to say his name, Knopf told The Literary Digest: "Sound the k: k'nupf." (Charles Earle Funk, What's the Name, Please?, Funk & Wagnalls, 1936.)
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[edit] Biography
Knopf was born into a Jewish family in New York City. His father Samuel Knopf was an advertising executive and financial consultant; his mother was Ida (Japhe) Knopf. Alfred attended Columbia University, where he was a pre-law student and a member of the Peitholgian Society, a debating and literary club. He began to show an interest in publishing during his senior year, becoming advertising manager of an undergraduate magazine. His interest in publishing was allegedly fostered by a correspondence with British author John Galsworthy. After visiting Galsworthy in England, Knopf gave up his plans for a law career, and upon his return went into publishing.
After receiving his BA in 1912, Knopf worked as a clerk at Doubleday (1912–13), then as an editorial assistant to Michael Kennerly (1914). He founded his own publishing house in 1915. The company initially emphasized European, especially Russian, literature, hence the choice of the borzoi as a colophon (publishing). At that time European literature was largely neglected by American publishers. Knopf published authors such as Joseph Conrad, W. Somerset Maugham, D. H. Lawrence, E. M. Forster, Andre Gide, Jean-Paul Sartre, Simone de Beauvoir, Albert Camus, Thomas Mann, Sigmund Freud, and Franz Kafka.
Knopf also published many American authors, including H.L. Mencken, Theodore Dreiser, Vachel Lindsay, James M. Cain, Conrad Aiken, Dashiell Hammett, James Baldwin, John Updike, Shirley Ann Grau, and Knopf's own favorite, Willa Cather. He often developed a personal friendship with his authors. Knopf's personal interest in the fields of history, sociology, and science led to close friendships in the academic community with such noted historians as Arthur Schlesinger, Jr., and Samuel Eliot Morrison. A prominent Republican until Watergate, Knopf often drew legislators into lengthy correspondence by mail.
Knopf himself was also an author. His writings include Some Random Recollections, Publishing Then and Now, Portrait of a Publisher, Blanche W. Knopf, July 30, 1894-June 4, 1966, and Sixty Photographs.
When Knopf's son left the company in 1959 to found Atheneum Publications, Alfred and Blanche became concerned about the eventual fate of their publishing house, which had always been a family business. The problem was solved in 1960, when Knopf merged with Random House, which was owned by the Knopf's close friends Bennett Cerf and Donald Klopfer. Knopf retained complete editorial control for five years, and then gave up only his right to veto other editors' manuscript selections. The editorial departments of the two companies remain separate, and Knopf, Inc., retains its distinctive character. Knopf has called the merger "a perfect marriage."
Random House itself eventually became a division of Bertelsmann AG, a large multinational media company. The Knopf imprint remains in existence.
Blanche Knopf died in June 1966. Alfred remarried in April of the following year, to Helen Norcross Hedrick. He died of congestive heart failure on August 11, 1984, at his estate in Purchase, New York.
[edit] Personality
Knopf had little enthusiasm for most of the changes that took place in the publishing industry during his lifetime. Too many books are published, and they are overpriced, he told The Saturday Review. These are things "about which all publishers agree, and about which no publisher does anything." The most fundamental change he noted was the increased importance of the editor. "In the early days, things were quite simple. The books came in; we published them as written. . . . A publisher was regarded--and so, in turn, was the writer--as a pro. A writer's job was to write a book and give it to you." And he remarked to Shenker: "I guess business became more complicated and publishers less literate. It ceased to be the fact that publishers publish and authors write. Today authors submit manuscripts and editors write books." The editor is now hired largely to acquire books, "and if he can't get good books, he usually takes what he can get--books that are not so good. And then he sometimes wrecks himself trying to make a silk purse out of what can never become anything but a sow's ear."
Knopf was generally unimpressed with current literature, though he admired John Hersey, John Updike, Jorge Amado, and a few other contemporary authors. In Publishing Then and Now he wrote: "Frequently . . . our American author, whatever his age, experience in life, and technical knowledge, simply can't write. I don't mean that he is not the master of a prose style of elegance and distinction; I mean that he can't write simple straightforward and correct English. And here, only an exceptional editor will really help him." American authors are not very durable, he said in 1964, and "there are no giants in Europe now." And though twelve Knopf authors had won Nobel Prizes, Knopf acknowledged that "some Nobel Prize books aren't very good," calling Doctor Zhivago, for example, "incredibly tedious. . . . If Krushchev had banned it for dullness instead of its political implications, he might have been in the clear."
Knopf also lamented the "shockingly bad taste" that he felt characterizes much modern fiction, and warned of the danger of a "legal backlash" against pornography, a possible revival of censorship.
This outspoken aspect of his character sometimes found voice in letters of complaint to hotels, restaurants, and stores that failed to meet his high standards. These letters grew increasingly frequent and more severe as he aged. One striking example is the six-year-long war of words he waged against the Eastman Kodak Company over a roll of lost film [1].
[edit] Bibliography
- John Tebbel, A History of Book Publishing in the United States, Volume II: The Creation of an Industry, 1865-1919 (1975); Volume III: The Golden Age Between Two Wars, 1920-1940 (1978);
- Bennett Cerf, At Random, Random House, 1977;
- Alfred A. Knopf, Some Random Recollections, Typophiles, 1949; Publishing Then and Now, New York Public Library, 1964; Portrait of a Publisher, Typophiles, 1965;
- New Yorker, November 20, 1948, November 27, 1948, December 4, 1948;
- Saturday Review, August 29, 1964, November 29, 1975;
- Publishers Weekly, January 25, 1965, February 1, 1965, May 19, 1975;
- Current Biography, Wilson, 1966;
- New York Times, September 12, 1972, September 12, 1977;
- New York Times Book Review, February 24, 1974;
- Saturday Review/World, August 10, 1974;
- W, October 31-November 7, 1975;
- Los Angeles Times, August 12, 1984;
- New York Times, August 12, 1984;
- Chicago Tribune, August 13, 1984;
- Newsweek, August 20, 1984;
- Time, August 20, 1984.
