Alfonso XII of Spain
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Alfonso XII of Spain (November 28, 1857–November 25, 1885), was king of Spain, reigning from 1875 to 1885, after a coup d'état restored the monarchy and ended the ephemeral First Spanish Republic.
He was son of Isabella II of Spain. His biological paternity is uncertain, though his legal paternity is not: his mother was married to her (presumed) homosexual cousin Francis of Asissi de Bourbon, Infante, and king Consort of Spain, eldest son of the duke of Cadiz, at the time of Alfonso's conception and birth. Some theories says Alfonso's biological fathers might have been either Enrique Puig y Moltó, captain of the Royal Guard, or General Francisco Serrano.
When Queen Isabella and her husband were forced to leave Spain by the revolution of 1868, Alfonso accompanied them to Paris, and from there he was sent to the Theresianum at Vienna to continue his studies. On June 25, 1870 he was recalled to Paris, where his mother abdicated in his favour, in the presence of a number of Spanish nobles who had followed the fortunes of the exiled queen. He assumed the title of Alfonso XII; for although no king of united Spain had previously borne the name, the Spanish monarchy was regarded as continuous with the more ancient monarchy, represented by the eleven kings of León and Castile also named Alfonso. Shortly afterwards he proceeded to the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst in the United Kingdom, to continue his military studies, and while there he issued, on the December 1, 1874, in reply to a birthday greeting from his followers, a manifesto proclaiming himself the sole representative of the Spanish monarchy. At the end of the year, when Marshal Serrano left Madrid to take command of the northern army in the Carlist War, Brigadier Martinez Campos, who had long been working more or less openly for the king, carried off some battalions of the central army to Sagunto, rallied to his own flag the troops sent against him, and entered Valencia in the king's name. Thereupon the president of the council resigned, and the power was transferred to the king's plenipotentiary and adviser, Canovas del Castillo. In the course of a few days the king arrived at Madrid, passing through Barcelona and Valencia, and was received everywhere with acclamation (1875). In 1876 a vigorous campaign against the Carlists, in which the young king took part, resulted in the defeat of Don Carlos and his abandonment of the struggle.
On January 23, 1878 Alfonso married his cousin, Princess Maria de las Mercedes, daughter of the duc de Montpensier, but she died within six months of her marriage. Towards the end of the same year a young workman of Tarragona, Juan Oliva Moncasi, fired at the king in Madrid.
On November 29, 1879 he married a much more distant relative, Archduchess Maria Christina of Austria, daughter of Archduke Karl Ferdinand of Austria and of his wife Archduchess Elisabeth of Austria. During the honeymoon a pastrycook named Otero fired at the young sovereigns as they were driving in Madrid.
The children of this marriage were:
- Maria de las Mercedes, Princess of Asturias, (September 11, 1880 – October 17, 1904), married on February 14, 1901 to Prince Carlos of Bourbon, and titular heiress from the death of her father until the posthumous birth of her brother
- Infanta Maria Teresa, (November 12, 1882 – September 23, 1912), married to Prince Ferdinand of Bavaria on January 12, 1906
- King Alfonso XIII who was king from the moment of his birth and thus never held any other Spanish titles from the crown, such as Infante or Prince of Asturias.
In 1881 the king refused to sanction the law by which the ministers were to remain in office for a fixed term of eighteen months, and upon the consequent resignation of Canovas del Castillo, he summoned Práxedes Mateo Sagasta, the Liberal leader, to form a cabinet.
Alfonso died of tuberculosis.
Coming to the throne at such an early age, he had served no apprenticeship in the art of ruling, but he possessed great natural tact and a sound judgment ripened by the trials of exile. Benevolent and sympathetic in disposition, he won the affection of his people by fearlessly visiting the districts ravaged by cholera or devastated by earthquake in 1885. His capacity for dealing with men was considerable, and he never allowed himself to become the instrument of any particular party. In his short reign, peace was established both at home and abroad, the finances were well regulated, and the various administrative services were placed on a basis that afterwards enabled Spain to pass through the disastrous war with the United States without even the threat of a revolution.
| Styles of Alfonso XII of Spain |
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| Reference style | His Majesty |
| Spoken style | Your Majesty |
| Alternative style | Sire |
[edit] Ancestors
| Alfonso XII of Spain | Father: Francis I of Spain |
Paternal Grandfather: Francisco de Paula, Duke of Cadiz |
Paternal Great-Grandfather: Charles IV of Spain |
| Paternal Great-grandmother: Maria Luisa of Parma |
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| Paternal Grandmother: Princess Luisa Carlotta of the Two Sicilies |
Paternal Great-Grandfather: Francis I of the Two Sicilies |
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| Paternal Great-Grandmother: Maria Isabel of Spain |
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| Mother: Isabella II of Spain |
Maternal Grandfather: Ferdinand VII of Spain |
Maternal Great-Grandfather: Charles IV of Spain |
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| Maternal Great-Grandmother: Maria Luisa of Parma |
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| Maternal Grandmother: Maria Christina of the Two Sicilies |
Maternal Great-grandfather: Francis I of the Two Sicilies |
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| Maternal Great-Grandmother: Maria Isabel of Spain |
| House of Bourbon Cadet Branch of the Capetian dynasty Born: 28 November 1857 Died: 25 November 1885 |
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| First Republic Title last held by Amadeus I |
King of Spain 1875–1885 |
Succeeded by Alfonso XIII |
| Preceded by Princess Isabel First Time |
Prince of Asturias 1857-1868 |
Vacant Title next held by Princess Isabel second time |
[edit] References
- This article incorporates text from the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, a publication now in the public domain.
