Alexander Kerensky
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Alexander Fyodorovitch Kerensky (Russian: Алекса́ндр Фёдорович Ке́ренский, Aleksandr Fëdorovič Kerenskij) (May 2 [O.S. April 22] 1881 – June 11, 1970) was a Russian revolutionary leader who was instrumental in toppling the Russian monarchy. He served as the second Prime Minister of the Russian Provisional Government until Vladimir Lenin seized power following the October Revolution.
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[edit] Early life and activism
Kerensky, the son of a headmaster, was born in Simbirsk (now Ulyanovsk), the same town as Lenin (then Ulyanov). At one point Kerensky's father, Fyodor, had taught the young Vladimir Ulyanov at Kazan University. Kerensky graduated with a degree in Law from St. Petersburg University in 1904. He showed his political allegiances early on, with his frequent defense of anti-Tsarist revolutionaries. He was elected to the Fourth Duma in 1912 as a member of the Trudoviks, a moderate labor party. A brilliant orator and skilled parliamentary leader, he became a member of the Provisional Committee of the Duma as a Socialist Revolutionary and a leader of the socialist opposition to the regime of the ruling tsar, Nicholas II.
[edit] March Revolution of 1917
When the March Revolution broke out in 1917, Kerensky was one of its most prominent leaders, and was elected vice-chairman of the Petrograd Soviet. He simultaneously became the first Minister of Justice in the newly-formed Provisional Government. When the Soviet passed a resolution prohibiting its leaders from joining the government, Kerensky delivered a stirring speech at a Soviet meeting. Although the decision was never formalized, he was granted a de-facto exemption and continued acting in both capacities.
After the first government crisis over Pavel Milyukov's secret note re-committing Russia to its original war aims on May 2-4, Kerensky became the Minister of War and the dominant figure in the newly formed socialist-liberal coalition government. Under Allied pressure to continue the war, he launched what became known as the Kerensky Offensive against the Austro-German South Army on June 17 Old Style. At first successful, the offensive was soon stopped and then thrown back by a strong counter-attack. The Russian Army suffered heavy losses and it was clear - from many incidents of desertion, sabotage, and mutiny - that the Russian Army was no longer willing to fight.
Kerensky was heavily criticised by the military for his liberal policies, which included stripping officers of their mandate (handing overriding control to revolutionary inclined "soldier committees" instead), the abolition of the death penalty, and the presence of various revolutionary agitators at the front. Many officers jokingly referred to commander in chief Kerensky as "persuader in chief".
On July 2, 1917, the first coalition collapsed over the question of Ukraine's autonomy. Following widespread unrest in Petrograd and suppression of the Bolsheviks, Kerensky succeeded Prince Lvov as Russia's Prime Minister. Following the Kornilov Affair at the end of August and the resignation of the other ministers, he appointed himself Supreme Commander-in-Chief as well. He retained his other posts in the short-lived Directory in September and the final coalition government in October 1917 until it was overthrown by the Bolsheviks.
Kerensky's major challenge was that Russia was exhausted after three years of war, while the provisional government did not offer much motivation for a victory outside of continuing Russia's obligations towards its allies. Furthermore, Lenin and his Bolshevik party were promising "peace, land, and bread" under a communist system. The army was disintegrating due to a lack of discipline, which fostered desertion in large numbers.
Kerensky and the other political leaders continued their obligation to Russia's allies by continuing involvement in World War I - fearing the economy, already under huge stress from the war effort, may become increasingly unstable if vital supplies from France and the UK were to stop. Some also feared that Germany would demand enormous territorial concessions as the price for peace (which indeed happened at the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk). The dilemma of whether or not to withdraw was a great one, and Kerensky's inconsistent and impractical policies further destabilized the army and the country at large.
Furthermore, Kerensky adopted a policy which isolated the right-wing conservatives, both democratic and monarchist oriented. His philosophy of "no enemies to the left" greatly empowered the Bolsheviks and gave them a free hand, allowing them to take over the military arm or "voyenka" of the Petrograd and Moscow Soviets. His arrest of Kornilov and other officers left him without strong allies against the Bolsheviks, who ended up being Kerensky's strongest and most determined adversaries as opposed to the right wing, which evolved into the White movement.
[edit] October Revolution of 1917
During the Kornilov Coup, Kerensky had distributed arms to the Petrograd workers, and by October most of these armed workers had gone over to the Bolsheviks. Lenin was determined to overthrow Kerensky's government before it could be legitimised by the planned elections for a Russian Constituent Assembly, and on November 7 [O.S. October 25] 1917 the Bolsheviks launched the second Russian revolution in that year. Kerensky's government in Petrograd had almost no support in the city. Only one small force, the First Petrograd Women's Battalion, actually fought for the government against the Bolsheviks. It took less than 20 hours before the Bolsheviks had taken over the government - in what is known as the October Revolution.
Kerensky escaped the Bolsheviks and went to Pskov, where he rallied some loyal troops for an attempt to retake the capital. His troops managed to capture Tsarskoe Selo, but were beaten the next day at Pulkovo. Kerensky narrowly escaped, and spent the next few weeks in hiding before fleeing the country, eventually arriving in France. During the Russian Civil War he supported neither side, as he opposed both the Bolshevik regime and the White Movement.
[edit] Life in exile
Kerensky lived in Paris until 1940, engaged in the endless splits and quarrels of the exiled Russian democratic leaders. In 1939, Kerensky married former Australian journalist Lydia ‘Nell' Tritton.[1] When the Germans overran France at the start of World War II, they escaped to the United States.
In 1945, his wife became terminally ill. He traveled with her to Brisbane, Australia and lived there with her family until her death in February 1946. Thereafter he returned to the United States, where he lived for the rest of his life.
When Adolf Hitler's forces invaded the Soviet Union in 1941, Kerensky offered his support to Stalin, but received no reply. Instead, he made broadcasts in Russian in support of the war effort. After the war he organized a group called the Union for the Liberation of Russia, but this achieved little.[citation needed]
Kerensky eventually settled in New York City, but spent much of his time at the Hoover Institution at Stanford University in California, where he both used and contributed to the Institution's huge archive on Russian history, and where he taught graduate courses. He wrote and broadcast extensively on Russian politics and history. His last public speech was delivered at Kalamazoo College, in Kalamazoo, Michigan.
Kerensky's major works include The Prelude to Bolshevism (1919) ISBN 0-8383-1422-8 , The Catastrophe (1927), The Crucifixion of Liberty (1934) and Russia and History's Turning Point (1965).
Kerensky died at his home in New York City in 1970, one of the last surviving major participants in the turbulent events of 1917. The local Russian Orthodox Churches in New York refused to grant Kerensky burial, seeing him as being largely responsible for Russia falling to the Bolsheviks. A Serbian Orthodox Church also refused. Kerensky's body was then flown to London where he was buried at Putney Vale non-denominational cemetery.
[edit] Trivia
- His sons Oleg and Gleb Kerensky, who fled with their mother Olga (née Baranovsky) from Leningrad when they were both teenagers and entered the UK on a false (Estonian) passport, went on to have successful careers as engineers. Oleg supervised the construction process of the Mulberry Harbour sections at Conwy Morfa in North Wales[1].
- In 1945, he met novelist-philosopher Ayn Rand at a party in New York City. Ayn Rand admired Kerensky profoundly in her youth during his tenure as Prime Minister.
- Also around 1945, he met Catholic Worker co-founder, Dorothy Day, in New York City. See "The Long Loneliness," pages 216-217.
[edit] Fictional references
General Aleksandr Kerensky from BattleTech is stated in several sourcebooks to be a descendant of the historical Kerensky.
[edit] References
R. Abraham, Kerensky: First Love of the Revolution, Columbia University Press, 1987. ISBN 0-231-06108-0
[edit] External links
- An account of Kerensky at Stanford in the 1950s
- Alexandr Kerensky Internet Movie Database Archive Footage
| Preceded by Georgy Lvov |
Prime Minister of Russia July 21, 1917—November 8, 1917 |
Succeeded by Position dissolved |
| Preceded by Georgy Lvov |
President of the Russian Provisional Government of 1917 July 21, 1917 — November 8, 1917 |
Succeeded by Vladimir Lenin (as Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars) |
| Prime Ministers of Russia, 1905-1917 |
|---|
| Russian Empire: Sergei Witte • Ivan Goremykin • Pyotr Stolypin • Vladimir Kokovtsov • Ivan Goremykin • Boris Stürmer • Alexander Trepov • Nikolai Golitsyn
Russian Provisional Government: Georgy L'vov • Alexander Kerensky |
Categories: Articles with unsourced statements since February 2007 | All articles with unsourced statements | Prime Ministers of Russia | Imperial Russian politicians | People of the Russian Revolution | Russian socialists | Russian people of World War I | Russian Freemasons | Russian-Americans | 1881 births | 1970 deaths
