Albion and Albanius

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Albion and Albanius was one of the first English operas (The Siege of Rhodes being considered the first). The words for Albion and Albanius were written in 1680 by John Dryden, initially intended as a prologue to a play "of the nature of 'The Tempest'", which was apparently Shakespeare's masque-like play, in the drastically cut and "corrected" form in which it was presented to Restoration audiences: for Dryden's strictures on Shakespeare's play, see The Tempest. "But some intervening accidents having hitherto deferred the performance of the main design, I proposed to the actors to turn the intended prologue into an entertainment by itself, as you now see it, by adding two acts more to what I had already written." (Dryden's Preface).

The score was written in 1685 by Louis Grabu in imitation of French opera. It was written as a tribute to King Charles II, and after his death was intended to apply to his successor James II.

Based in style on a pre-civil war court masque, "the allegory itself so very obvious that it will no sooner be read than understood", the hero and his supporters in the plot are mythological and Arthurian; they are, however, quite clearly based on the Stuart dynasty, in a thinly veiled allegory. In terms of production the opera was a restoration spectacular, visuals included much mere mythological display to take advantage of the "machines" at the Dorset Garden Theatre, such as "The clouds divide, and Juno appears in a machine drawn by peacocks: while a symphony is playing, it moves gently forward, and as it descends, it opens and discovers the tail of the peacock, which is so large that it almost fills the opening of the stage between scene and scene" (Act I). More pointedly political allegorizing of the Tory message includes a figure representing Shaftesbury "with Fiend's Wings, and snakes twisted round his body; he is encompassed by several fanatical rebellious heads, who suck poison from him, which runs out of a tap in his side."

After the period of court mourning for the late King and many other delays, the sumptuous production (costing the company over £4000 to mount) had its premiere on 3 June 1685. This was "a very unlucky day", observes Downes in Roscius Anglicanus, "being the day the Duke of Monmouth landed in the west: the nation being in a great consternation, it was performed but six times, which not answering half the charge they were at, involved the company very much in debt." This fiasco helps explain the rarity of operas in the 1680s, until Londoners had settled down after the Glorious Revolution of 1689. In addition, events of the five years of James's reign, quickly rendered the adulatory allegory of Dryden's machinery no longer current.

When Albion and Albanius came to be printed, Dryden's Preface was the first explication of opera in the English language. "An opera is a poetical tale, or fiction, represented by vocal and instrumental music, adorned with scenes, machines and dancing," Dryden informed his readers. The "machines" were required to effect the dramatic changes of scenery the action required. Pointing out that the persons were supernatural or heroic, Dryden linked his work with the genre we would call Romance: "The subject, therefore, being extended beyond the limits of human nature, admits of that sort of marvelous and surprising conduct, which is rejected in other plays... it would follow of necessity, that the expressions should be lofty, figurative, and majestical." In this way, at the very birth of opera in London, Dryden gives the character that opera seria retained for a century, as long as the librettos of Metastasio were being set, into the age of Mozart.

In the 17th-century Italian operas that Dryden admitted were his general models— and the French ones that he did not mention— the recitative drove the action, and the arias— "which for want of a proper English word, I must call the songish part"— were meant to please the ear rather than gratify the understanding.

[edit] References

• Downes, John, (1708). Roscius Anglicanus.
• Dryden, John, (1808) The Works of John Dryden, 18 Volumes, Sir Walter Scott (editor). Vol. 7.
• Hume, Robert D. (1976). The Development of English Drama in the Late Seventeenth Century. Oxford: Clarendon Press. Reprint edition (July 1, 1990). ISBN 019811799X.
• McCollum, John I. Jr., (1961). The Restoration Stage (in Houghton Mifflin Research Series, Cambridge, Mass: Riverside Press)