Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani

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Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani اکبر هاشمی رفسنجانی

4th President of Iran
In office August 3, 1989 – August 2, 1997
Vice President(s)	Hassan Habibi
Preceded by	Ali Khamenei
Succeeded by	Mohammad Khatami

Born	1934 Nough, Iran
Political party	Combatant Clergy Association

Ali Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani (Persian: اکبر هاشمی رفسنجانی Akbar Hāshemī Rafanjānī), Hashemi Bahramani (هاشمی بهرمانی) born on August 25, 1934, is an influential Iranian politician, and is currently serving as the Chairman of the Expediency Discernment Council of Iran.

Forbes magazine at one time listed Rafsanjani in their list of richest people in the world and has written that as the real power behind the Iranian government, he "has more or less run the Islamic Republic for the past 24 years." ^[1] His wealth has earned him the infamous nickname of Akbar Shah in Iran.^[2]

He served as President of Iran from 1989 to 1997, losing on the second ballot to Mahmoud Ahmadinejad in the 2005 election on his attempt for a third term in office. After his loss, he has tried to use his position in the Expediency Council to denounce President Ahmadinejad's administration, under the pretext of privatization and foreign policy. However, President Ahmadinejad has noted Rafsanjani's failure to differentiate privatization with self takeover of government-owned companies, and disastrous foreign policies of his administration which lead to sanctions against Iran in 1995 and 1996.^[3]^[4]

Currently, one of his sons is under public scrutiny for reportedly receiving an $80,000,000 bribe from Total oil company. However, it is not expected that his son face trial. (see:#Personal life)

1 Political life
- 1.1 Political parties
2 Presidency
- 2.1 Domestic policy
- 2.2 Foreign policy
3 Accusations of involvement in assassinations and bombings
4 Personal life
5 Quotes
6 References
7 See also
8 External links

[edit] Political life

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In 1948, when Rafsanjani was fourteen years old, his parents sent him to the holy city of Qom to enter seminary life. It was there that he began attending controversial classes taught by Ruhollah Khomeini, under whom Rafsanjani studied Islamic law, ethics, and mysticism. From this time forward, Rafsanjani became dedicated to Khomeini's cause, whose aim was to establish a constitutional theocracy, and soon became a major figure in his circle. ^[5]

Prior to the Iranian Revolution, Rafsanjani had been jailed five times over a period of fifteen years from 1964 to 1979 for subversive activities against the Imperial government. ^[6]

Together with Mohammad Javad Bahonar, Mohammad Beheshti, Morteza Motahhari, and Abdolkarim Mousavi Ardebili, he became a key member of Iran's Revolutionary Council at the beginning of the new Islamic Republic, and became the first speaker of the new Iranian Parliament, serving until 1989.

He was one of the main figures in the Iran contra scandal but Khomeini issued a command banning any investigation about him.

Rafsanjani served as President of Iran from August 17, 1989 to 1997, and was the first President of Iran to step down officially, having completed his term in office. Of his predecessors, Abolhassan Banisadr was successfully impeached, Mohammad Ali Rajai was assassinated. Until the election of Rafsanjani, Ali Khamenei was both the President and Supreme Leader, and officially stepped down as President of Iran, about two month prior to completing of his presidential term.

In 2000, in the first election after the end of his presidency, Rafsanjani ran again for Parliament but was not among the 30 representatives of Tehran elected, as announced by the Iranian Ministry of the Interior. The Council of Guardians then ruled numerous ballots void and were able to get him elected as the 30th representative. Rafsanjani thus became a Member of Parliament once more, but resigned before being sworn in as an MP. He explained that he felt he was "able to serve the people better in other posts".

Rafsanjani is currently the Chairman of the Expediency Discernment Council, that resolves legislative issues between the Parliament and the Council of Guardians.

In December 2006, Rafsanjani was elected to the Assembly of Experts representing Tehran with more than 1.5 million votes, which was more than any other candidate. Ahmadinejad opponents win majority of local election seats] by Ali Akbar Dareini (Associated Press), December 22, 2006</ref>

[edit] Political parties

Rafsanjani was a founding member of the Islamic Republic Party, established soon after the Iranian Revolution in 1979. The party advocated the establishment of a theocratic Islamic state, in contrast to the secularism of the Provisional Revolutionary Government.

Although he has been a member of the pragmatic-conservative Combatant Clergy Association, he has a close bond to the reformist Kargozaran party. He has been seen as flip-flopping between conservative and reformist camps since the election of Mohammad Khatami, supporting reformers in that election, but going back to the conservative camp in the 2000 parliamentary elections as a result of major reformist parties refusing to accept him as their candidate. He has had close ties with the reformers since he lost the 2005 presidential elections to Mahmoud Ahmadinejad.^[7]

[edit] Presidency

[edit] Domestic policy

Rafsanjani advocated a free market economy. With the state's coffers full, Rafsanjani pursued an economic liberalisation policy.^[7] Rafsanjani's support for a deal with America over Iran's nuclear programme and his free-market economic policies contrasted with Mahmoud Ahmadinejad and his allies, who advocate showing the West no quarter while pursuing a course of budget-busting state handouts in the face of repeated warnings of future economic problems.^[8]

He urged universities to cooperate with industries. Turning to the quick pace of developments in today's world, he said that with "the world constantly changing, we should adjust ourselves to the conditions of our lifetime and make decisions according to present circumstances." ^[9]

Among the projects he initiated are Azad University.^[10]

During his administration inflation hit a staggering record high of 49%.^[11]

[edit] Foreign policy

He attempted to forge good relations^{[citation needed]} with Arab countries and countries in Central Asia including Azerbaijan^{[citation needed]}, Turkmenistan^{[citation needed]} and Kazakhstan^{[citation needed]}. However relations with European countries and the US remained poor. Though, Rafsanjani has a track record of handling difficult situations and defusing crises.^[12]

He condemned both the USA and Iraq during the Persian Gulf War in 1991. After the war he strove to renew close ties with the West, although he refused to lift Khomeini's fatwa against the British author Salman Rushdie.^[13]

Former Iranian president Rafsanjani has said that Iran is ready to assist Iraq "expecting nothing in return." On the other hand, he has said that "peace and stability" is a function of the "evacuation of the occupiers."^[14]

Rafsanjani voiced support to Prince Abdullah's peace initiative and to "everything the Palestinians agree to". He was also clear that Iran's international interests must take precedence over those of Iranian allies in Syria and Lebanon.^[15]

[edit] Accusations of involvement in assassinations and bombings

In 1997, a German court convicted two men of murder in the 1992 Mykonos restaurant assassinations of Sadiq Sarafkindi, an Iranian-Kurdish leader, as well as three of his associates, and convicted two others of being accessories to the crimes. Presiding Judge Frithjof Kubsch said the men had no personal motive but were following orders. Without naming names, Kubsch said the gangland-style murders had been ordered by Iran's Committee for Special Operations, to which Iran's President and spiritual leader belonged. Prosecutors had contended that Iran's powerful spiritual leader, Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, and Iranian President Hashemi Rafsanjani had personally ordered the killings. ^[16]

On 25 October 2006, a team of Argentine prosecutors formally charged Iran and Shi'a militia Hezbollah with the 1994 AMIA Bombing in Buenos Aires, accusing the Iranian authorities of directing Hezbollah to carry out that attack and calling for the arrest of Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani and seven others.^[17]^[18]^[19]^[20] This incident has put Ahmadinejad's government in the awkward position of defending Rafsanjani, whom they oppose for corruption and being pro-Western.^[21] Therefore, this event was seen as a positive development for Rafsanjani during his successful campaign for election as a member of the Assembly of Experts in December 2006.^[21]

[edit] Personal life

He was born in the village of Bahraman near the city of Rafsanjan in Kerman Province to a family of pistachio farmers. ^[22] He has eight other siblings. ^[23].

From a marriage in 1958, Rafsanjani has three sons: Mohsen, Mehdi, and Yasser, as well as two daughters, Fatemeh and Faezeh. Only Faezeh Hashemi chose a political life, which led to her becoming a Majlis representative and then the publisher of the newspaper Zan.

Many consider Rafsanjani to be the richest man in Iran due to his deep involvement in various Iranian industries, including the oil industry, as well as his ownership of many properties throughout the country. There have also been allegations that some of his wealth has also come from arms deals made after the Revolution. ^[24]

Rafsanjani has authored a few books, one of the most important being a book on Amir Kabir titled Amir Kabir; the Hero of Fighting against Imperialism.

He has also met with American actor Sean Penn during his visit to Iran in June 2005. ^[25]

In 1997, his son Mehdi Hashemi, the then-head of state-owned Gaz Iran Company, has reportedly received a €60,000,000 ($80,000,000) bribe from Total oil company, in order for Total to get a favorable contract in PSEEZ gas fields. The bribery which has recently come to public attention, has been denied by Mehdi Hashemi, and he has threatened the newspapers that he will legally prosecute those which publish this incident. The former CEO of Total is currently under investigation in France with regards to this incident.^[26]^[27]

[edit] Quotes

We have no problems with Jews and highly respect Judaism as a holy religion. (October, 2005)^[28]
If one day, the Islamic world is also equipped with weapons like those that Israel possesses now, then the imperialists' strategy will reach a standstill because the use of even one nuclear bomb inside Israel will destroy everything. However, it will only harm the Islamic world. It is not irrational to contemplate such an eventuality.(December 2001)^[29]
We are not bothering anyone, but we have acquired nuclear expertise and we want to benefit from it to improve our life.
You need diplomacy and not slogans. This is the place for wisdom, the place for seeking windows that will take you to the objective. (2005)^[30]
We want all the Palestinians back in their homeland, and then there can be a fair referendum for people to choose the form of state they want. Whoever gets the majority can rule. (2005)^[31]
There is no doubt that America is a superpower of the world and we cannot ignore them. I think that Americans should gradually begin to adopt positive behavior rather than doing evil. They should not expect an immediate reaction in return for their positive measures. It will take time.^[32]
I believe the main solution [referring to the nuclear issue] is to gain the trust of Europe and America and to remove their concerns over the peaceful nature of our nuclear industry and to assure them that there will never be a diversion to military use.^[33]
It is the obligation of the female to cover her head because women's hair exudes vibrations that arouse, mislead, and corrupt men."^[34]

Preceded by ?	deputy chairman of Assembly of Experts 1997?-present	Succeeded by Incumbent
Preceded by 1979-1980 empty	Speaker of Majles 1980-1989	Succeeded by Mehdi Karroubi
Preceded by Ali Khamenei	President of Iran 1989—1997	Succeeded by Mohammad Khatami
Preceded by Ali Khamenei	Chair of Expediency Council 1989-present	Succeeded by Incumbent