African campaigns of World War II
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There were several separate African campaigns during World War II. Allied forces fought Axis forces, between 1940 and 1943, both on the African mainland and in nearby waters and islands. These campaigns are linked simply by the fact of their location in or near Africa.
Naval conflict was the first action near Africa, especially in the Battle of the Mediterranean (from 1940), and in the Atlantic and the Indian Ocean throughout the war. The land battles occurred in the East African Campaign of 1940-41, the West African campaign of 1940, the highly significant North African Campaigns of 1940-43 (including the Western Desert Campaign), and the Battle of Madagascar during 1942.
The Allies included forces from the United Kingdom, United States, Canada, Abyssinia, South Africa, India, Australia, Nigeria, Ghana, Kenya, Tanganyika, Free France, and New Zealand.
Axis forces were primarily German, Italian and Vichy French. Imperial Japanese Navy submarines played a significant role in the Indian Ocean, especially in the Madagascar campaign.
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