Aetos Kosmou

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Aetos Kosmou was an early Byzantine Empire and Roman Christian chronology system of measuring time introduced by Panodorus of Alexandria, Hippolytus of Rome, Sulpicius Severus, Annianus of Alexandria, George Syncellus, and others.

Panodorus of Alexandria, in his work World Chronicle, introduced a world era calculation, who reckoned 5,904 years from Adam (in Greek "από κτίσεως κόσμου", "apo ktiseos kosmou" or "έτος κόσμου", "aetos kosmou", that is 'since world's creation' or "Anno Mundi") to the year 412 C.E., about which time he lived. This era is usually termed the Antiochian, or sometimes the Alexandrian era. Its new year was also transferred to September 1, in which case the eight later months of its year 5493 are the eight former months of the year one of our chronology.

More important than this is the Byzantine world era, which long served as the standard of computation in the Eastern Empire, in Russia, among the Albanians, Serbians, and Modern Greeks. It counts sixteen years in excess of the Antiochian era, though likewise beginning the year with September 1; its year 5509 began with September 1 of the year one before Christ. This era was in use in Russia till 1700; whence it originated appears not to be known^[1]. By the tenth century C.E., this dating system (its beginning fixed at 5509 B.C.E.) became standard in the Byzantine Empire and thereby, the Orthodox countries of Eastern Europe. But as such Anno Mundi time systems became very popular, they created a huge problem: end-of-world fever, caused by a threatening Seventh Day that equated to the end of the 6000-year period and corresponded to a date 500 years after Christ's birth year. So many Chiliasm, or Millenarianism, emphasizing religious movements arose at that period. In 1492 Sir Thomas Browne supported also the belief that the world was created in 5509 B.C.E. and that its ordained lifetime was 7,000 years.

In ancient Russia, the chronological system back in those days was based on the creation of the world, that is according to the chronology established by Panadorus. It was only in times of Tsar Peter the First, in 1700, that the system "from the nativity of Christ" was introduced. Upon returning from his embassy to western Europe, Tsar Peter changed the Russian New Years day from 1 September (the date used in the Roman (Byzantine) empire) to 1 January, the conventional date in the West. He also altered the method of counting years, adopting the Anno Domini system. Thus, 1 January 7208 (dated according to the "year of the world", or Anno Mundi, that is 5509 B.C.E.) became 1 January 1700. The Tsar did not, however, adopt the Gregorian calendar. He simply conformed Russia’s Julian calendar to the form of the Julian calendar then used in England.