Adhan

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Arabic
أَذَان
Transliteration
aḏān, azaan, adhaan
Translation
call to prayer

Adhan (Azaan) (أَذَان) is the Islamic call to prayer, recited by the muezzin. The root of the word is ʼḏn "to permit", and another derivative of this word is uḏun, meaning "ear".

Adhan is called out by the muezzin from a minaret of a mosque five times a day summoning Muslims for fard (mandatory) salah (prayers). There is a second call known as iqama that summons Muslims to line up for the beginning of the prayers.

Contents

[edit] Text

Recital Arabic Transliteration Translation Sect
4x* الله اكبر Allāh u Akbar Allah is the greater Sunni & Shia
2x اشهد ان لا اله الا الله Ash-hadu allā ilāha illallāh I bear witness that there is no god except Allah Sunni & Shia
2x اشهد ان محمد الرسول الله Ash-hadu anna Muhammadan rasūlullāh I bear witness that Muhammad is the Messenger of God Sunni & Shia
2x حي على الصلاة Hayya 'alas-salāt Make haste towards prayer Sunni & Shia
2x حي على الفلاح Hayya 'alal-falāh Make haste towards welfare Sunni & Shia
2x الصلاة خير من النوم Aṣ-ṣalātu khayru min an-naūm Prayer is better than sleep** Sunni only
2x حي على خير العمل Hayya 'alā khayril-'amal Make haste towards the best deed Shia only
2x الله اكبر Allāhu akbar Allah is the greatest Sunni & Shia
1x**** لا اله الا الله Lā ilāha illallāh There is no god except Allah Sunni & Shia

** The line "Prayer is better than sleep" is used only for the first prayers of the day at dawn (fajr salat).

*** The line "I bear witness that Ali is the viceregent of God" is only recited by Shia, but not as a part of the Adhan. Rather, according to them it is preferable and, although not mandatory, most of them recite it. Phrases like "Ameer-ul-Mu'mineen" (The commander of the faithful), "wa abna'unhu al-ma'soomeen hujjaju Allah" (and his infallible sons are the proofs of God), may be added to the end of that line. Sometimes, this line may be only recited once, or a variation of it may be recited the second time (such as "ash'hadu anna aliyyan amir al-mo'mineena wali'ul-lah" - I bear witness that Ali, The Commander of the Faithful is the Friend of Allah) as a sign that it is not actually part of the Adhan.

**** Shia repeat the last line twice instead of once.

[edit] Sunni view

Sunnis state that the adhan was not written or said by Muhammad, but by one of his Sahabah (his companions), a freed Ethiopian slave by the name of Bilal ibn Ribah. However, Muhammad did choose adhan as the Islamic call to prayer in place of the bell or conch used by Christians, or the shofar (ram's horn), used by Jews [1].

During the Friday prayer (Salat Al Jummah), there are two adhans; the first is to call the people to the mosque, the second is said before the Imam begins the khutbah (sermon). Just before the prayers start, someone recites the iqama as in all prayers.

[edit] Shia view

Shi'a sources state that it is Muhammad who, according to God's command, ordered the adhan as a means of calling Muslims to prayer. Shi'a Islam teaches that no one else contributed, or had any authority to contribute, towards the composition of the adhan.

Shi'a Islam teaches that God appoints an Imam on Earth for every generation. It teaches that although Muhammad is God's final Prophet and Messenger, Ali was the first of God's twelve Imams to succeed Muhammad in order to maintain the Muslim nation as it was perfected by the seal of the Prophets; Muhammed. See also: Imamah (Shia doctrine)

[edit] Form of the Adhan

A call to prayer in Bukhara, Uzbekistan.
A call to prayer in Bukhara, Uzbekistan.

Each phrase is followed by a longer pause and is repeated one or more times according to fixed rules. During the first statement each phrase is limited in tonal range, less melismatic, and shorter. Upon repetition the phrase is longer, ornamented with melismas, and may possess a tonal range of over an octave. The adhan's musical form is characterized by contrast and contains twelve melodic passages which move from one to another tonal center of one maqam a fourth or fifth apart. The tempo is mostly slow; it may be faster and with fewer melismas for the sunset prayer. During festivals, it may be performed antiphonally as a duet. (Touma, p.157-158) Salafists, such as the Wahhabis of Saudi Arabia, prefer to issue the adhan in a monotone, considering any verbal elaborations to be makrouh (permissible but discouraged)—or haraam (forbidden) if the meaning of the words is altered. [2]

[edit] Dua after Adhan

The following dua is optionally read by Muslims after the adhan is recited.

O God! Lord of this complete call and prayers of ours, by the blessing of it (Allahumma rabba hadhi-hid dawa-tit-tamma wa-salatil qae-ma) اللهم رب هذه الدعوة التامة والصلاة القائمة

Give to Muhammad his eternal rights of intercession (Ati sayyidina muhammadanil wasilata wal fadeela) آت محمداً الوسيلة و الفضيلة

And raise him to the promised rank you have promised him (Wab ath-hu maqamam-mahmuda-nil ladhi wa at-ta) وابعثه مقاماً محموداً الذي وعدته

[edit] The Adhan in the Republic of Turkey

During the 1920s and 1930s, the government of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk imposed a Turkish-language adhan in place of the traditional Arabic. The prohibition of the Arabic adhan was repealed on June 6, 1950, after an opposition election victory. This prohibition was also in direct confrontation with a hadith that relatively said: Arabic verses not kept in Arabic do not retain their meaning, as it can change the translation easily. Although the adhan was literally translated to Turkish, some words still kept in Arabic language. For example "Hayya 'alas-salāt" was translated as a call to prayer but "Hayya 'alal-falāh" was translated as a call to falāh which was kept still Arabic.

[edit] See also

[edit] Sources

[edit] External links

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