Abyss (religion)
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- This article refers to the religious setting. For other uses, see Abyss.
An abyss (Greek αβυσσος = "having no bottom", "bottomless") is a bottomless depth; hence any deep place. The word is usually used to refer to a pit; to the deepest ocean floor; or to hell.
From the late popular Latin abyssimus (superlative of abyssus), through French abisme (nowadays abîme) came the poetic form "abysm", used in 1616 and earlier to rhyme with "time". Greek αβυσσος and its meaning may have arisen as a Greekized form of Sumerian Abzu (Akkadian = Apsu), meaning "deep waters" (Sumerian ab = "water", zu = "far").
In oceanography, the adjective abyssal is used to refer to the deepest extent of the sea: hence "abyssal zone," "abyssal flora and fauna," "abyssal sediment". The form "abysmal" is not widely used in this context.
In heraldry, the abyss is the middle of an escutcheon.
In the Greek version of the Old Testament the word represents both the original chaos (Genesis i.2) and the Hebrew tehom ("a surging water-deep"), which is used also in apocalyptic and kabbalistic literature and in the New Testament for hell; the place of punishment; in the Revised (not the Authorized) version of the Bible "abyss" is generally used for this idea. Primarily in the Septuagint cosmography the word is applied both to the waters under the earth which originally covered it, and from which the springs and rivers are supplied and to the waters of the firmament which were regarded as closely connected with those below.
Derivatively, from the general idea of depth, it acquired the meaning "the place of the dead", though apparently never quite the same as Sheol. In the Book of Revelation it is the prison of evil spirits whence they may occasionally be let loose, and where Satan is doomed to spend 1000 years.
Beneath the altar in the temple of Jerusalem there was believed to be a passage which led down to the abyss of the world, where the foundation-stone of the earth was laid. In rabbinical cosmography the abyss is a region of Gehenna situated below the ocean bed and divided into three or seven parts imposed one above the other. In the Kabbalah the abyss as the opening into the lower world is the abode of evil spirits, and corresponds to the opening of the abyss to the world above. In general the abyss is regarded vaguely as a place of indefinite extent, the abode of mystery and sorrow.
