Abolished monarchy
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Throughout history, many of the world's monarchies have been abolished, either through legislative reforms, coups d'etat, or wars.
One well-known abolition of a monarchy occurred in 1649 when the Parliament of England, led by Oliver Cromwell, overthrew the English and Scottish monarchies, and executed King Charles I. The monarchy was restored in 1660.
Another famous monarchical abolition occurred in 1792 when the French monarchy was abolished during the French Revolution.
The monarchy in the Thirteen Colonies that became the United States of America was abolished in 1776 when they unilaterally declared their independence from Great Britain. In 1893 business leaders overthrew the Queen of the Kingdom of Hawaii. They established a Republic, which joined the United States in 1898. The monarchy of Portugal was abolished prior to World War I. The monarchy of Russia was abolished during World War I. The monarchies of Turkey, Germany, Hungary and Austria were abolished in the aftermath of World War I. Those of Bulgaria, Serbia, Albania, and Italy were abolished in the aftermath of World War II.
At the end of World War I, monarchies were planned for the Grand Duchy of Finland (to have a Finnish King), and for Lithuania (Mindaugas II of Lithuania), with a protectorate-like dependency of Germany. Both kings renounced their thrones after Germany's defeat in November 1918.
The Commonwealth Realm monarchies of India, Kenya, Tanzania, South Africa, Zambia, and Zimbabwe were abolished when or shortly after they became independent of the United Kingdom, while remaining within the Commonwealth in the middle of the 20th century. That of Ireland was not abolished when Ireland became independent of the United Kingdom in the 1920s, but was abolished by the Republic of Ireland Act of 1948, which came into force in 1949.
That of Egypt was abolished after a coup d'état in 1952; that of Iran was abolished by the Islamic revolution of 1979.
Brazil rejected an attempt to restore its monarchy in the 1990s[1], while efforts to restore the monarchies of some of the Balkan states in the former Eastern Bloc continue. In Bulgaria, Simeon Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, who was deposed from the Bulgarian throne in 1946, was elected and recently served as the Prime Minister of his country from 2001 to 2005.
In a 1999 referendum, the voters of Australia narrowly rejected a proposal to abolish their monarchy in favour of a specific republic model. The proposal was rejected in all states, with only the Australian Capital Territory passing the proposal, despite surveys indicating that a majority of Australians support Australia becoming a republic; it appears that Australian voters rejected the specific model proposed, rather than the idea of becoming a republic.
[edit] Monarchies abolished in the 20th century
- Portugal, 1910
- Korea, 1910 (native monarchy abolished; replaced by rule by Japan, a monarchy, through 1945)
- China, 1912 (revolution/coup d'état)
- Russia, 1917 (revolution)
- Montenegro, 1918 (referendum deposed King and united with Serbia)
- Germany, 1918 (All on account of German defeat in World War I)
- Prussia, 1918
- Bavaria, 1918
- Württemberg, 1918
- Saxony, 1918
- Hessen-Darmstadt, 1918
- Baden, 1918
- Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach, 1918
- Mecklenburg-Schwerin, 1918
- Mecklenburg-Strelitz, 1918
- Oldenburg, 1918
- Brunswick, 1918
- Anhalt, 1918
- Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, 1918
- Saxe-Meiningen, 1918
- Saxe-Altenburg, 1918
- Waldeck-Pyrmont, 1918
- Lippe, 1918
- Schaumburg-Lippe, 1918
- Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt, 1918
- Schwarzburg-Sondershausen, 1918
- Reuss Senior Line, 1918
- Reuss Junior Line, 1918
- Austria, 1918
- (Finland, 1918 - never in effect)
- (Lithuania, 1918 - never in effect)
- Poland, (Regency Kingdom of Poland (1916-1918)), 1918
- Hungary, 1918 (restored 1920, although throne remained vacant with a Regent)
- Bukhara (Uzbekistan), 1920
- Turkey, 1922 (coup d'état)
- Greece, 1924 (restored 1935)
- Mongolia, 1924
- Croatia, 1943
- Iceland, 1944
- Yugoslavia, 1945 (Communist reconstruction)
- Manchukuo, 1945
- Hungary, 1946
- Italy, 1946 (referendum)
- Bulgaria, 1946
- Albania, 1946
- Sarawak, 1946
- Romania, 1947
- Indian Princely States, 1947-1950
- Ireland, 1949
- India, 1950
- Egypt, 1953 (coup d'état)
- Vietnam, 1955 (referendum)
- Pakistan, 1956
- Tunisia, 1957
- Iraq, 1958 (coup d'état)
- Ghana, 1960
- South Africa, 1961
- Rwanda, 1961
- Tanganyika, 1962
- Yemen, 1962
- Nigeria, 1963
- Uganda, 1963
- Kenya, 1964
- Zanzibar, 1964
- Burundi, 1966
- Malawi, 1966
- Maldives, 1968
- Libya, 1969 (coup d'état)
- Gambia, 1970
- Guyana, 1970
- Sierra Leone, 1971
- Ceylon, 1972
- Greece, 1973 (coup d'état, confirmed by referendum 1974)
- Afghanistan, 1973 (coup d'état)
- Ethiopia, 1974 (coup d'état)
- Malta, 1974
- Laos, 1975 (coup d'état)
- Sikkim, 1975 (when it became part of India)
- Trinidad and Tobago, 1976
- Iran, 1979 (revolution)
- Central African Empire, 1979
- Fiji, 1987 (coup d'état)
- Mauritius, 1992
[edit] Current monarchies that were abolished and then restored
- England, abolished 1649, restored 1660
- Spain, abolished 1873, restored 1874; abolished again 1931, restored 1947, initially under regency of Francisco Franco, with the king only restored in 1975
- Cambodia, abolished 1960, restored 1993
- Ugandan traditional states of Buganda, Toro, Bunyoro, and Ankole were abolished in 1967 and then restored in 1993
