3 Baruch
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3 Baruch or the Greek Apocalypse of Baruch is a Jewish pseudepigraphical text written in the late 1st century CE or early 2nd century CE, after the fall of Jerusalem to the Romans in 70 CE. It is not part of the canon of either the Jewish or most Christian Bibles, though it survives in certain Greek manuscripts, and also in a few Old Church Slavonic ones.
Like 2 Baruch, the Greek Apocalypse of Baruch discusses how Judaism can survive when the temple is no longer in existence, and frames this discussion as a mystical vision granted to Baruch. Also like 2 Baruch, the Greek Apocalypse argues that the Temple has been preserved in heaven, although in 3 Baruch it is presented as fully functional and attended by angels; thus there is no need for the temple to be rebuilt on earth.
During the vision, Baruch is portrayed as being shown various 'heavens', there witnessing the punishment of the builders of the "tower of strife against God" (perhaps the Tower of Babel); a serpent named Hades who drinks from the sea; and other such marvels, until he is finally stopped by a locked gate at the fifth heaven, which only the archangel Michael has the ability to open.
The text has been thought by some scholars to show the influence of Babylonian mythology[citation needed]. The builders of the "tower of strife" are described in terms that could be regarded as demonic - the faces of cattle, horns of sheep, and feet of goats; while those who commanded them to build it are punished eternally in a separate 'heaven' where they are reincarnated in the forms of dogs, bears or apes. Baruch also witnesses a phoenix, which the text portrays as a singular bird that protects the earth from the rays of the sun.
It is significant that the Old Church Slavonic versions do not contain the Christian overtones of the Greek text, which suggests that the Greek text represents a Christian rewriting.
