2006 labour protests in France

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The protest

The 2006 Labour Protests in France occurred throughout France during February, March, and April 2006 as a result of opposition to a measure set to deregulate labour. Young people were the primary participants in the protests as the controversial bill would have directly affected their jobs.

1 The labour bill
2 The protests
3 University occupations
4 Detentions
5 See also
6 References

[edit] The labour bill

In order to protect the city, public authorities ordered that the Place de La Sorbonne should be closed. This square has been a symbol for French student protests since the events of May 1968.

The controversial bill, entitled the Contrat première embauche (CPE - First Employment Contract or Beginning Workers Contract),^[1] would have made it easier for workers under twenty-six years old to be fired. It would have allowed employers the opportunity to terminate employment of workers under twenty-six without any reason, with little or no notice, within their first two years of employment.^[2] Those opposed to the First Employment Contract were worried that it could compromise job security, encourage social pressure with a view to lowering wages, and impede employees in having legal recourse in cases of sexual harassment or other abuse, since this could lead to their subsequently being fired.

Proponents of the bill argued that France's tightly regulated employment market discourages French businesses from employing staff, which has led to France suffering high unemployment. Youth are particularly at risk as they have been locked out of the same career opportunities as older workers, contributing to both a rise in tensions amongst the economically disenfranchised underclass, and, some claim, a brain drain of graduates leaving for better opportunities in Britain and the United States, though the latter is disputed.

The French population was roughly split on the issue of whether the First Employment Contract should be implemented. The contract was first proposed after the civil unrest that occurred in France in October and November 2005. French Prime Minister Dominique de Villepin's rating dropped to a four-month low of forty-two percent,^[3] largely because of the recent protests against the bill. He stated though that he had the backing of French President Jacques Chirac. Later on, polls in L'Express and Paris-Match displayed a swing of the population behind protesters - around 70% were against the CPE law when it was promulgated by president Chirac.

The bill also included the possibility of manual labour apprenticeship for 14-year-olds, suspension of family welfare in cases of students skipping school (a measure which has long been in the programme of the far-right National Front party), and night labour being permitted for youths as young as 15 years old (as against 16 years old before).

[edit] The protests

[edit] February

Protests against the bill originally occurred before the bill was approved by Dominique de Villepin. On February 7, between 200,000 and 400,000 people took part in 187 demonstrations. Some universities, include Rennes, were also occupied during February.

A torched car burns in Paris on March 18

[edit] Early March

Over a million took part in protests on March 7. On March 9, around 38 universities were in strike

A number of smaller actions took place between the March 7th and 19th mass mobilisations. Including the occupation of the Sorbonne on 9th March, rioting by youths in Rennes on March 13th, and the blockading of Nantes train station on March 14th.^[4]

[edit] March 16

Protests across France on March 16 led to widespread disruptions. Approximately one hundred bicyclists barricaded streets around the Louvre in protests unrelated to the labour contract.^[5] (The protest around the Louvre concerned the lack of sports teachers in schools.) Another hundred protesters descended on City Hall in Rennes, refusing to leave. Other, mostly peaceful, protests occurred throughout the country, in cities such as Marseille. Many universities, including the University of Toulouse, were forced to close on March 16 as some wanted them to remain open and others wanted them closed during the large protests.

[edit] March 18

Media attention focussed on the violent element of the demonstrations in Paris on March 18, when as many as 700,000 protesters converged on the city's Place de la Nation. Once the protesters departed from the meeting, a few dozen rioters began to torch cars and vandalize store fronts as police were called in to calm the situation. To suppress the crowd, police officers began to spray tear gas.

In the evening, new clashes occurred on the Place de la Sorbonne, between a hundred demonstrators and the police, until 1 am.

A protester from that night, Cyril Ferez, a syndicalist from the Sud-PTT union, trampled by riot police, was in a coma for three weeks after skirmishes in the Place de la Nation, Paris.^[6]

That day saw 156 people being arrested in Paris.

Protesters in Marseille were also sprayed with tear gas after some of them climbed Marseille's City Hall and replaced a French flag with a flag that proclaimed "anticapitalism."

Throughout the rest of the country, less violent protests occurred. In the estimated 160 protests organized around the country, police estimated that half a million students and labourers participated. Organizers estimated the number was closer to 1.5 million.^[7]

Students (including high school students) demonstrations began to become daily, and often were the site of clashes with the police.

[edit] March 21

After large demonstrations and subsequent riots on the 16th and 18th of March, on the 21st the Dijon students' union called for a general strike.^[8], as demanded by left-wing papers such as Libération. A meeting that day of various labour and student groups.^[9] agreed for another 'day of action' against the law, including strikes, demonstrations and university occupations across the country.

[edit] March 23

Riots erupted again after a day of relative calm in several cities in France. According to the French national ministry of education, universities had continued their strike and 21 universities out of 84 were entirely blocked by students. In total, 67 universities were either on strike or blockage.

[edit] March 28

In Cannes, on March 31st, a few hundred youths blocked the important junction "Place du 18 juin" for 10 to 15 minutes.

CPE opponents convened a fourth national 'day of action' against the law on March 28, including strikes, demonstrations and university occupations across France. Strikes disrupted rail and air transport, public education and mail services while between 1.055 million people (according to police estimates) and 2.71 million (according to union estimates) marched against the law.^[10]^[11] Much of the discrepancy in crowd estimates is in Paris where the police estimated 92,000 demonstrators while unions estimated 700,000. Whatever the sources, this is double the number that on the March 16 demonstration, and more than during the December 1995 protests against the reform of pensions laws. 600 hundreds persons were arrested by the police^[12] Police repression also took place in minor towns, such as Lons-le-Saunier (Jura) or Lannion (Côtes d'Armor).

[edit] April 4

Opponents of the CPE held a fifth national 'day of action' after a speech by Jacques Chirac (April 1) in which he argued for the CPE while at the same time requested that employers not use it until amendments had been made, amongst other things, to reduce the length of the trial period from two years to one.^[13] These proposed amendments were rejected by the unions. In total 3.1 million people (according to the CGT) or 1 million (according to the police) people turned out to protest the law throughout the country, while rail and air transport were affected.^[14]

[edit] April 11

The CPE was scrapped by Chirac on April 10 under the pressure of ongoing protest and blockade across France, though some protests continue against the law of which it was part (the loi pour l'égalité des chances, or LEC).^[15]. Protests were smaller in scale as the movement against the CPE split into those that wanted to fight the LEC and those that considered the victory against the CPE to be an acceptable compromise.^[16] Because of this split, and because of the universities' Easter holidays, the movement lost its momentum and within a week of the law's withdrawal, the major acts of protest, such as university occupations, had essentially ceased. By 18 April the students at every one of the blocked universities had either voted to reopen immediately, or were on holiday with no blockade planned afterward.

[edit] University occupations

Barricade and police around the Sorbonne.

During the dispute, numerous student bodies went on strike, or occupied parts of their faculties. Due to police counter-attacks at the Sorbonne, an initial occupation was repulsed - yet the national student federation UNEF claimed that the number of occupations carried on increasing - by the end of March, 68 of France's 89 universities were on strike according to UNEF.^[17]^[18]

As a result of the blockades, many universities had to find delay the ends of their planned university years and their exams. Exams originally scheduled for the end of May were frequently delayed until the end of June, while those in June were delayed until September.^{[citation needed]}

[edit] Detentions

According to the Collectif Assistance Juridique (CAJ) independent group, a total of 4,500 people were arrested during the events. Among them, 1,950 were kept in garde à vue and 635 prosecution cases opened. Less than 15% of the arrested people have therefore been presented to the magistrates, due to insufficient evidence of alleged legal violations. The CAJ note that many of the people presented before the courts had no previous criminal record and were far from the profile of "criminal rioters". They included many leaders of the movement, in particular outside Paris. A March 24, 2006 internal administrative order asked the magistrates not to be too lenient on their judgments. 42% of the persons presented before courts passed in immediate comparution, a specific (and controversial) procedure which allow them to be judged on the spot.^[19].^[20] During the 1994 demonstrations against the CIP, a student law prepared by Balladur's government, a 1 000 persons only had been arrested, although the clashes had been more violent.^[21] Although Interior Minister Nicolas Sarkozy stated on March 16 that his "priority was to arrest casseurs" (rioters), the independent CAJ (Judicial Assistance Group) noted that the vast majority of arrestations hadn't been of on-the-spot witnessed violence (flagrant délit) and that many were contested. For example, on March 31 a US citizen visiting Paris was detained by the police, while on April 7 an old man getting out of a supermarket was also detained.^[22] Furthermore, many young people from the suburbs were blocked from demonstrating in Paris. According to the government, this was to impede turmoils in the capital, but critics such as the CAJ have spoken of a negation of presumption of innocence and of "racial and social discrimination", since some categories of the population — mainly youth living in housing projects, those accused of having taken part in the riots in autumn 2005 — were blocked from exercising their civil rights of demonstrating against a law which affected them as well as other categories of the population.^[23] These blockings in suburbs' train stations have provoked in some cases clashes with the police, for example in Savigny sur Orge, in Saint-Denis or in Uzis... "There is no evidence which permit us to establish a parallel between the young rioters of November and the disturbing elements of this spring", notes the CAJ report, countering the Interior Minister's claims. Furthermore, police abuse was reported on a number of cases, including Cyril Ferez, a trade union member who entered coma state for several weeks following the March 18 demonstration. In Caen Charlotte entered coma for a day; Victor had two ribs broken, etc. A three year old children was placed 24 hours in observation after having inhalated gaz. On March 16, the Parisian préfecture de police announced that 18 demonstrators had been injured. The IGS (internal affairs department) was charged of Cyril Ferez' case (who was in coma for several weeks) and litigation was initiated against police officers allegedly excessively brutal and violent during arrests.^[24] Additionnally, cooperation between the police forces and the trade union "service orders" (SO, in charge of the demonstrations) was observed, including handing-over of several demonstrators to the police by the trade union's SO.^[25] Finally, the CAJ note the disproportion of sentences toward young demonstrators, while others acts of vandalism currently committed by farmers or viticulturists were more lightly punished. It thus alluded to this Alsatian mayor accused of having burned 14 travel trailer but who was condemned only to six months on parole, contrasting with the sentences given to demonstrators (for example, a high school student condemned to 41 days of jail in Fleury-Mérogis because he had burnt two garbage cans before his school).^[26]