1ESS switch

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The Number One Electronic Switching System was the first large scale Stored Program Control (SPC) telephone exchange or Electronic Switching System in the Bell System, entering service in the late 1960s. The switching fabric was composed of reed matrixes controlled by wire spring relays which in turn were controlled by a central processing unit (CPU). The 1AESS version of the late 1970s was a plug compatible upgrade, using smaller remreed switches, fewer relays, a faster CPU, and disk storage.

1 Switching fabric
2 Fabric error
3 Peripherals
4 Scan and distribute
5 1ESS Computer
6 1A
7 See also

[edit] Switching fabric

The voice switching fabric plan approximately followed that of the earlier 5XB switch in being bidirectional and in using the call-back principle. The largest full access matrix switches in the system, however, were 8x8 rather than 10x10 or 20x16. Thus they required eight stages rather than four to achieve large enough junctor groups in a large office. The fabric was divided into Line Networks and Trunk Networks of four stages, and partially folded to allow connecting line to line or trunk to trunk without exceeding eight stages of switching.

Each such network was divided into Junctor Switch Frames (JSF) and either Line Switch Frames (LSF) if it was a Line Network, or Trunk Switch Frames (TSF) if it was a Trunk Network (TN). All JSF had a unity concentration ratio. Most LSF had a 4:1 Line Concentration Ratio, but in some urban areas 2:1 were used. The B links were often multipled to make a different LCR, such as 3:1 or (especially in suburban 1ESS) 5:1. Line Networks always had 1024 Junctors, arranged in 16 grids that each switched 64 junctors to 64 B links. Four grids were grouped for control purposes in each of four LJFs.

TSF had a unity concentration, but a TN could have more TSF than TJF. Thus their B links were usually multipled to make a TCR of 1.25:1 or 1.5:1, the latter being especially common in 1A offices. TSF and JSF were identical except for their position in the fabric and the presence of a ninth no-test level in JSF. Each JSF or TSF was divided into 4 two-stage grids.

Earlier TNs had four TJF, for a total of 16 grids, 1024 J links and the same number of B links, with four B links from each Trunk Junctor grid to each Trunk Switch grid. Starting in the mid 1970s, larger offices had their B links wired differently, with only two B links from each Trunk Junctor Grid to each Trunk Switch Grid. This allowed a larger TN, with 8 TJF containing 32 grids, connecting 2048 junctors and 2048 B links. Thus the junctor groups could be larger and more efficient. These TN had eight TSF, giving the TN a unity trunk concentration ratio.

Within each LN or TN, the A, B, C and J links were counted from the outer termination to the inner. That is, for a trunk, the trunk Stage 0 switch could connect each trunk to any of eight A links, which in turn connected them via the Stage 1 switch to a B link. A Trunk Junctor grid also had a Stage 0 and Stage 1, the former to connect B links to C links, and the latter to connect C to J links also called Junctors. Junctors were gathered into cables, 16 per cable constituting a Junctor Subgroup, running to the Junctor Grouping Frame where they were plugged into cables to other networks.

The original 1ESS Ferreed switching fabric was packaged as separate 8x8 switches or other sizes, tied into the rest of the speech fabric and control circuitry by wire wrap connections. 1AESS crosspoints were packaged as grid boxes. Type 10A Junctor Grids and 11A Trunk Grids were a box about 16x16x5 inches (40x40x12 cm) with sixteen 8x8 switches inside. Type 12A Line Grids with 2:1 Line Concentration Ratio (LCR) were only about 5 inches (12 cm) wide, with eight 4x4 Stage 0 line switches with ferrods and cutoff contacts for 32 lines, connected internally to four 4x8 Stage 1 switches connecting to B-links. Type 14A Line Grids with 4:1 LCR were about 16x12x5 inches (40x30x12 cm) with 64 lines, 32 A-links and 16 B-links. The boxes were connected to the rest of the fabric and control circuitry by slide-in connectors. Thus the worker had to handle a much bigger, heavier piece of equipment, but didn't have to unwrap and rewrap dozens of wires.

[edit] Fabric error

The two controllers in each Junctor Frame had no-test access to their Junctors via their F-switch, a ninth level in the Stage 1 switches which could be opened or closed independently of the crosspoints in the grid. When setting up each call through the fabric, but before connecting the fabric to the line and/or trunk, the controller could connect a test scan point to the talk wires in order to detect potentials. Current flowing through the scan point would be reported to the maintenance software, resulting in a "False Cross and Ground" (FCG) teleprinter message listing the path. Then the maintenance software would tell the call completion software to try again with a different junctor.

With a clean FCG test, the call completion software tell the "A" relay in the trunk circuit to operate, connecting its transmission and test hardware to the line. Then, for an outgoing call, the trunk's scan point would scan for the presence of an off hook line. If the short was not detected, the software would command the printing of a "Supervsion Failure" (SUPF) and try again with a different junctor. A similar supervision check was performed when an incoming call was answered. Any of these tests could alert for the presence of a bad crosspoint.

Staff could study a mass of printouts to find which links and crosspoints (out of, in some offices, a million crosspoints) were causing calls to fail on first tries. In the late 1970s, teleprinter channels were gathered together in Switching Control Centers (SCC), each serving a dozen or more 1ESS exchanges and using their own computers to analyze these and other kinds of failure reports. They generated a histogram of parts of the fabric where failures were particularly numerous, usually pointing to a particular bad crosspoint, even if it was failing sporadically rather than consistently. Local workers could then busy out the appropriate switch or grid and replace it.

When a test access crosspoint itself was stuck closed, it would cause sporadic FCG failures all over both grids that were tested by that controller. Since the J links were externally connected, switchroom staff discovered that such failures could be found by making busy both grids, grounding the controller's test leads, and then testing all 128 J links, 256 wires, for a ground.

[edit] Peripherals

Supervision and trunk signalling were the responsibility of trunk circuits. The most common kinds (reverse battery one-way trunks) were in plug-in trunk packs, two trunks per pack, 128 packs per Trunk Frame (originally) on 16 shelves. Each trunk pack was originally about 3x5x8 inches (8x12x20 cm) with edge connector in the back. The later 1AESS were made with shorter wire spring relays, making them less than half as wide, with more complex leaf spring connector. Trunk Frames were in pairs, the even numbered one having the Signal Distributor to control the relays in both. Most trunks had three wire spring relays and two scan points. They could supply regular battery or reverse battery to a line, and on-hook or off-hook supervision to the distant end, or be put into a bypass state allowing all functions (usually sending and receiving address signals) to be performed by common control circuits such as digit transmitters and receivers. Slightly more complex trunks, for example those going to TSPS offices for operator control, were packaged as only one per plugin unit.

Junctor Circuits were installed in similar frames, but were simpler, with only two relays. They were used only in Line to Line junctors. Large offices, in addition to these Junctor Circuits, had Intraoffice Trunks, which were of similar design but fit into the same Universal Trunk Frames as interoffice trunks. They carried overflow traffic when the small Junctor Groups of an office with many LN could not cope. Digit transmitters, receivers, other complex service circuits, and some complex trunks including those using E&M signaling, were permanently mounted in relay racks similar to those of 5XB rather than plug-in frames.

[edit] Scan and distribute

The computer received input from peripherals via magnetic scanners, composed of ferrod sensors, similar in principle to magnetic core memory except that the output was controlled by control windings analogous to the windings of a relay. Specifically, the ferrod was a transformer with four windings. Two small windings ran through holes in the center of a rod of ferrite. A pulse on the Interrogate winding was induced into the Readout winding, if the ferrite was not magnetically saturated. The larger control windings, if current was flowing through them, saturated the magnetic material, hence decoupling the Interrogate winding from the Readout winding which would return a Zero signal. The Interrogate windings of 16 ferrods of a row were wired in series to a driver, and the Readout windings of 64 ferrods of a column were wired to a sense amp. Check circuits ensured that an Interrogate current was indeed flowing.

Scanners were Line Scanners (LSC), Universal Trunk Scanners (USC), Junctor Scanners (JSC) and Master Scanners (MS). The first three only scanned for supervision, while Master Scanners did all other scan jobs. For example, a DTMF Receiver, mounted in a Miscellaneous Trunk frame, had eight demand scan points, one for each frequency, and two supervisory scan points, one to signal the presence of a valid DTMF combination so the software knew when to look at the frequency scan points, and the other to supervise the loop. The supervisory scan point also detected Dial Pulses, with software counting the pulses as they arrived. Each digit when it became valid was stored in a software hopper to be given to the Originating Register.

Ferrods were mounted in pairs, usually with different control windings, so one could supervise a switchward side of a trunk and the other the distant office. Components inside the trunk pack, including diodes, determined for example, whether it performed reverse battery signaling as an incoming trunk, or detected reverse battery from a distant trunk; ie was an outgoing trunk.

Line ferrods were also provided in pairs, of which the even numbered one had contacts brought out to the front of the package in lugs suitable for wire wrap so the windings could be strapped for loop start or ground start signaling. The original 1ESS packaging had all the ferrods of a LSF together, and separate from the line switches, while the later 1AESS had each ferrod at the front of the steel box containing its line switch. Odd numbered line equipment could not be made ground start, their ferrods being inaccessible.

The computer controlled the magnetic latching relays by Signal Distributors (SD) packaged in the Universal Trunk frames, Junctor frames, or in Miscellaneous Trunk frames, according to which they were numbered as USD, JSD or MSD. SD were originally contact trees of 30-contact wire spring relays, each driven by a flipflop. Each magnetic latching relay had one transfer contact dedicated to sending a pulse back to the SD, on each operate and release. The pulser in the SD detected this pulse to determine that the action had occurred, or else alerted the maintenance software to print a FSCAN report. In later 1AESS versions SD were solid state with several SD points per circuit pack generally on the same shelf or adjacent shelf to the trunk pack.

A few peripherals that needed quicker response time, such as Dial Pulse Transmitters, were controlled via Central Pulse Distributors, which otherwise were mainly used for enabling (alerting) a peripheral circuit controller to accept orders from the Peripheral Unit Address Bus.

[edit] 1ESS Computer

The duplicate Harvard architecture central processor or CC (Central Control) for the 1ESS operated at approximately 200 KHz. It comprised five bays, each two meters high and totaling about four meters in length per CC. Packaging was in cards approximately 4x10 inches (10x25 centimeters) with an edge connector in the back. Backplane wiring was cotton covered wire-wrap wires, not ribbons or other cables. One hard plastic card commonly held a few discrete transistors and other components for, for example two gates or a flipflop.

Memory had a 44 bit word length for Program Stores, of which 7 were for parity and Hamming error correction bits of data and address. Program Stores also contained permanent data, and could not be written online. Instead, the aluminum memory cards had to be removed in groups of 128 so their permanent magnets could be written offline by a motorized writer, an improvement over the non motorized single card writer used in Project Nike. All memory frames, all busses, and all software and data were fully redundant. Busses were twisted pairs, one pair for each address, data or control bit, connected at the CC and at each store frame by coupling transformers, and ending in terminating resistors at the last frame.

Call Stores were the system's read/write memory, containing the data for calls in progress and other temporary data. They had a 24 bit word, of which one bit was for parity check. They operated similar to magnetic core memory, except that the ferrite was in sheets with a hole for each bit, and the coincident current address and readout wires passed through that hole. The first Call Stores held 8 Kilowords, in a frame approximately a meter wide and two meters tall.

Programs were mostly written in machine code. Bugs that previously went unnoticed became prominent when 1ESS was brought to big cities with heavy telephone traffic, and delayed the full adoption of the system for a few years. Temporary fixes included the Service Link Network (SLN), which did approximately the job of the Incoming Register Link and Ringing Selection Switch of the 5XB switch, thus diminishing CPU load and decreasing response times for incoming calls, and a Signal Processor (SP) or peripheral computer of only one bay, to handle simple but time consuming tasks such as the timing and counting of Dial Pulses. 1AESS eliminated the need for SLN and SP.

[edit] 1A

The 1A version CC had a faster clock, approximately one MHz, and took only one bay instead of four. The majority of circuit boards were metal for better heat dissipation, and carried TTL SSI chips, usually attached by Hybrid packaging. Each finger at the back of the board was not a mere trace on the circuit board, as usual in plug-in boards, but a leaf spring, for greater reliability.

1A used stores (memory units) with 26 bit words, of which two were for parity check. The initial version had 32 Megawords of core mats. Later versions used semiconductor memory. Program Stores were arranged to feed two words (52 bits) at a time to the CPU via the Program Store Bus, while Call Stores only gave one word at a time via the Call Store Bus. 1A Program Stores were writable and not fully duplicated but were backed up by the File Stores. They were provided as N+2, ie as many as were needed for the size of the office, plus two hot standby units to be loaded from disk as needed.

The File Stores had four hard drives each. These hard drives were large, fast, expensive and crude, weighing about a hundred pounds (40 Kg) with 128 tracks and one head per track as in a drum memory. They contained backups for software and for fixed data (translations) but were not used in call processing. These original file stores, a high maintenance item with pneumatic valves and other mechanical parts, were replaced in the 1980s with solid state File Stores.

In both the original version and 1A, clocks for Program Store and Call Store were operated out of phase, so one would be delivering data while the other was still accepting an address. Instruction decoding and execution were pipelined, to allow overlapping processing of consecutive instructions in a program.

Most of the several hundred 1ESS and 1AESS offices in the USA were replaced in the 1990s by DMS-100, 5ESS Switch and other digital ones, although approximately 50-70 1AESSes remain in the North American PSTN, as of late 2006.