Zebulon Baird Vance

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Zebulon Baird Vance

Zebulon Baird Vance (May 13, 1830 – April 14, 1894) was a Confederate military officer in the American Civil War, Governor of North Carolina, and U.S. Senator. A prodigious writer, Vance became one of the most influential southern leaders of the Civil War and postbellum periods.

1 Childhood
2 Antebellum career
3 Civil War
4 Post-War career
5 Quotes
6 Legacy
7 External links
8 Further reading

[edit] Childhood

Zebulon Vance was born in Buncombe County, North Carolina, the third of eight children. His family is known to have owned some slaves. At age twelve he was sent to study at Washington College in Tennessee, now known as Washington College Academy. The death of his father forced Vance to withdraw and return home at the age of fourteen. It was during this time that he began to court the well-bred Miss Harriet Espy by letter.

In order to improve his standing, Vance determined to go to law school. At the age of twenty-one, he wrote the President of the University of North Carolina, former Governor David L. Swain, and asked for a loan so that he could attend law school. Governor Swain arranged for a $300 loan from the university, and Vance performed admirably. By 1852 Vance had begun practicing law in Asheville, and was soon elected county solicitor (prosecuting attorney). By 1853, he and Harriet Espy were married, and they would subsequently have four sons.

[edit] Antebellum career

At the age of twenty-four, Vance ran for a seat in the State House of Commons as a Whig, beating a man twice his age. He was defeated for State Senate and for Congress in 1856[1]. But he went on to win election to the United States House of Representatives, first by a special election in 1858 caused by the resignation of Thomas L. Clingman to become a Senator. [2] 1856 was the last time Vance would be defeated in an election.

At the age of twenty-eight, Vance (now a member of the American Party) was the youngest member of Congress. While in Congress, Vance was a staunch supporter of both the Union and states' rights. In March 1861, however, when indications were that the North Carolina legislature was going to vote for secession, he resigned his seat and returned home.

[edit] Civil War

By the time the ordinance of secession had passed in May, Vance was a captain stationed in Raleigh, commanding a company known as the "Rough and Ready Guards," part of the Fourteenth North Carolina Regiment. That August, Vance was elected Colonel of the Twenty-sixth North Carolina. The Twenty-sixth engaged in battle in New Bern in March of 1862, where Vance conducted an orderly retreat. Vance also led the Twenty-sixth at Richmond. The Twenty-sixth was ultimately decimated at the Battle of Gettysburg, losing more than 700 of its original 800 members.

In September 1862, Vance won the gubernatorial election. In the Confederacy Vance was a major proponent of individual rights and local self-government, often putting him at odds with the Confederate government of Jefferson Davis. For example, North Carolina was the only state to observe the writ of habeas corpus and keep its courts fully functional during the war. Also, Vance refused to allow supplies smuggled into North Carolina by blockade runners to be given to other states until North Carolinians had their share. Vance's work for the aid and morale of the people, especially in mitigating the harsh Confederate conscription practices, inspired the nickname "War Governor of the South." Vance was re-elected in 1864.

[edit] Post-War career

Governor Vance was arrested by Federal forces in May 1865 and spent time in prison in Washington, D.C. He was soon paroled, however, and began practicing law in Charlotte, North Carolina. In 1870, the state legislature elected him to the United States Senate, but as he was still on federal parole, he was not allowed to serve. In 1876, Vance was elected Governor once again (during which time he focused on education), and in 1879 the legislature again elected him to the United States Senate. This time, he was seated, and he served in the Senate until his death in 1894. After a funeral in the U.S. Capitol, Vance was buried in Asheville.

Vance gave a speech hundreds of times he called "A Scattered Nation," which praised the Jews and called for religious tolerance and freedom amongst all Americans [3].

[edit] Quotes

[edit] About Vance

"He was the Mount Mitchell of all our great men, and in the affections and love of the people, he towered above them all. As ages to come will not be able to mar the grandeur and greatness of Mount Mitchell, so they will not be able to efface from the hearts and minds of the people the name of their beloved Vance."

-- T. J. Jarvis, Governor from 1879 to 1885

[edit] By Vance

"The great popular heart is not now and never has been in this war. It was a revolution of the politicians, not the people."

[edit] Unconfirmed

"A vale of humility between two mountains of conceit."

Supposedly said by Vance about North Carolina. The two mountains of conceit are Virginia and South Carolina. Some argue that Vance was referring to Georgia instead of South Carolina. This is also attributed to Alexander Hamilton, but probably predates both Hamilton and Vance.

[edit] Legacy

There are several monuments dedicated to Vance:

An obelisk dedicated to Vance in Pack Square, Asheville
A statue on the south grounds of the North Carolina State Capitol Building in Raleigh
A bronze in the National Statuary Hall Collection in Washington, DC
The Phi Gamma Delta Fraternity house at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill is named Vance Hall in his honor.

Several locations in North Carolina bear Vance's name:

The town of Zebulon, in Wake County
Vance County on the North Carolina - Virginia border
Zebulon B. Vance High School in Charlotte
Zeb Vance Elementary School in Kittrell

In World War II the United States liberty ship SS Zebulon B. Vance was named in his honor.

[edit] External links

[edit] Further reading

Clement Dowd, Life of Zebulon B. Vance (Charlotte, N. C., 1897)
Zeb Vance : North Carolina's Civil War Governor and Gilded Age Political Leader

by Gordon McKinney [4]

Preceded by: (first term) Henry Toole Clark	Governor of North Carolina 1862-1865, 1877-1879	Succeeded by: (first term) William Woods Holden
Preceded by: (second term) Curtis Hooks Brogden	Governor of North Carolina 1862-1865, 1877-1879	Succeeded by: (second term) Thomas Jordan Jarvis
Preceded by: Augustus Summerfield Merrimon	Senator from North Carolina 1879-1892	Succeeded by: Thomas Jordan Jarvis
Served in Senate alongside: Matt Whitaker Ransom