Wilhelm Steinitz
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Wilhelm (later William) Steinitz (May 17, 1836, Prague–August 12, 1900, New York) was an Austrian-American chess player and the first official world chess champion. Known for his original contributions to chess strategy such as his ideas on positional play, his theories were held in high regard by such chess players as Aron Nimzowitsch, Siegbert Tarrasch, and Emanuel Lasker.
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[edit] Life
Born in Prague (today Czech Republic, then Austrian Empire), Steinitz was regarded the best player in the world ever since his victory over Adolf Anderssen in their 1866 match. His 1886 match victory over Johannes Zuckertort is considered by most as the first World Chess Championship.
Steinitz defended his title from 1886 to 1894, retaining it in four matches against Zuckertort, Mikhail Chigorin (two times) and Isidor Gunsberg. He lost two matches against Lasker, in 1894 and 1896, who became his successor as world champion. Steinitz adopted a scientific approach to his study of the game. He would formulate his theories in scientific terms and "laws".
Steinitz became a U.S. citizen on November 23, 1888, having resided for five years in New York, and he changed his first name from Wilhelm to William.
After losing the world title, Steinitz developed severe mental health problems and spent his last years in a number of institutions in New York, making a series of increasingly bizarre claims (including that he could move the pieces by emitting bolts of electricity from his fingertips). His chess activities had not yielded any great financial rewards, and he died a pauper in his adopted home city in 1900. Steinitz is buried in Cemetery of the Evergreens in Brooklyn, New York.
Lasker, who took the championship from Steinitz, once said, "I who defeated Steinitz shall do justice to his theories, and I shall avenge the wrongs he suffered." Steinitz's fate, and Lasker's keenness to avoid a similar situation of financial ruin, have been cited among the reasons Lasker fought so hard to keep the world championship title.
[edit] Contributions to Chess
Steinitz began to play professional chess at the age of 26 in England. His play at this time was no different than that of his contemporaries: sharp, aggressive, and full of sacrificial play. In 1873 however, his play suddenly changed. He gave immense concern to what we now call the positional elements in chess: pawn structure, space, outposts for knights, etc. Slowly he perfected his new method of play that helped form him into the first Chess World Champion.
What Steinitz gave to chess could be compared to what Newton gave to Physics: he made it a true science. By isolating a number of positional features on the board, Steinitz came to realize that all brilliant attacks resulted from a weakness in the opponent's defense. By studying and developing the ideas of these positional features, he perfected a new art of defense that sharply elevated the current level of play. Furthermore, he outlined the idea of an attack in chess formed off of what we now know as "Accumulation Theory", the slow addition of many small advantages.
Though it was not immediately evident, Steinitz had just given the chess world its greatest gift. Though tactics were, and still are, the most basic element to strong play, his new theory gave greater opportunity to both defend and use the brilliant combinations the era was renowned for.
When he fought for the first World Championship in 1886 against Zukertort, it became evident that Steinitz was playing on another level. Though he suffered a series of defeats at the beginning of the match, it becomes evident when watching the games who understood the game better (for example, in the third game he was strategically superior but failed to pull it together at the end). Over time however, Steinitz's level of play continued to improve and finished with a solid victory(+10 -5 =5).
Perhaps the evaluation of Steinitz's impact on chess can best be evaluated by a fellow master of strategy, Tigran Petrosian: "The significance of Steinitz's teaching is that he showed that in principle chess has a strictly defined, logical nature."
[edit] Notable chess games
- Johannes Zukertort vs Wilhelm Steinitz, Ch World (9th game of the match) 1886, Queen's Gambit Declined: Vienna. Quiet Variation (D37), 0-1 A good demonstration of Steinitz' positional principles. Black exchanges his powerful centre for two weak "hanging Pawns" on White's side and creates a powerful pressure against them.
- Wilhelm Steinitz vs Mikhail Chigorin, Havana WCH 1892 (4th game of the match), Spanish Game: General (C65), 1-0 A strategically prepared combinational attack.
- Wilhelm Steinitz vs Curt von Bardeleben, Hastings 1895, Italian Game: Classical Variation. Greco Gambit Traditional Line (C54), 1-0 A great attacking combination. After the 22nd move of White, all White pieces hang, but Black is lost anyway.
[edit] References
- World chess champions by Edward G. Winter, editor. 1981 ISBN 0-08-024094-1
[edit] External links
- Relative Value of Pieces and Principles of Play from The Modern Chess Instructor by Wilhelm Steinitz
- 30 Crucial Positions from His Games
- Steinitz biography
| Preceded by (unofficial) |
World Chess Champion 1886–1894 |
Succeeded by Emanuel Lasker |
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Rules • Pieces • Strategy • Tactics • Openings • Endgames • Problems • Traps • Correspondence chess • Computers • Variants |
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Origins • History • Arts and literature • Organizations • Records |
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Steinitz • Lasker • Capablanca • Alekhine • Euwe • Botvinnik • Smyslov • Tal • Petrosian • Spassky • Fischer • Karpov • Kasparov • Kramnik |
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Lucena • Ruy López • Greco • Philidor • la Bourdonnais • Staunton • Anderssen • Morphy • Zukertort • Marshall • Tarrasch • Rubinstein • Nimzowitsch • Réti • Menchik • Keres • Fine • Reshevsky • Bronstein • Larsen • Korchnoi • J. Polgár • Anand • Topalov |
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