Wikipedia:WikiProject Cryptography

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Shortcut: WP:CRYPT

The aim of WikiProject Cryptography is to help editors working on cryptography articles by providing a repository of information and resources, and providing a place for discussions that affect more than one article. See also the Cryptography WikiPortal.

Contents 1 Lists and categories 2 Featured articles 3 Summaries 4 Some open tasks 5 Discussions 5.1 Active 5.2 Inactive 6 Participants 7 Stats 8 Cryptography in other Wikimedia projects 9 Free content 10 Other Internet content 11 Other cryptography encyclopedias 12 Templates 12.1 {{CryptographyProject}} 12.2 {{Infobox block cipher}} 12.3 {{crypto-stub}} 12.4 {{User WikiProject Cryptography}} 13 Navigational templates 13.1 {{Cryptography portal}} 13.2 {{Crypto navbox}} 13.3 The main crypto navigation box 13.4 {{Crypto navbox | block | stream}} 13.5 {{Crypto navbox | block}} 13.6 {{Crypto navbox | stream}} 13.7 {{Crypto navbox | public-key}} 13.8 {{Crypto navbox | hash}} 13.9 {{Crypto navbox | machines}} 13.10 {{Crypto navbox | classical}} 14 Discontinued navigational templates

[edit] Lists and categories

Editor oriented lists:

• List of cryptography topics — Recent changes in articles about cryptography
• Redirects for cryptography pages
• Category:Cryptography — Crypto images on Wikimedia Commons. (Note that new images should preferably be uploaded to Commons so they can be used in all language Wikipedias.)
• /List of images — List of cryptography images
• Category:WikiProject Cryptography — Should contain all pages within the WikiProject Cryptography.

Reader oriented lists:

• Topics in cryptography — An annotated list of cryptography topics
• Books on cryptography — An annotated list of suggested readings.
• List of cryptographers — An annotated list of cryptographers.
• Category:Cryptography — Should contain all cryptography articles (some of course in subcategories).

[edit] Featured articles

See /Featured for the subproject concerning bringing articles to featured status. Mangojuice^talk 19:09, 2 July 2006 (UTC)

• Caesar cipher
• Cryptography
• DES
• Enigma machine
• OpenBSD
• ROT13
• Voynich manuscript

[edit] Summaries

The following are monthly summaries of activity within the WikiProject:

• /February 2005
• /March 2005

[edit] Some open tasks

Start from scratch:        edit Theory: Computational boundedness, Pairing-based cryptography, Lattice-based cryptography, Secure computation, Universal composability Hash functions: MDC-4, SMASH (hash) Historical cryptography: TELWA, Hut 3, Hut 4 Cipher machines: Alvis (cipher machine), SIGTOT, B-211 or B-21 (cryptography), OMI (machine), Siemens SFM T43, SA-1 (cryptography), BC-543, BC-38, Slidex, Syko, CORAL, PENELOPE, RED (cipher machine) Stream ciphers: SOBER, LILI-128, Correlation attack, Fast correlation attack, HBB (cipher) Block ciphers: Hierocrypt-3, Hierocrypt-L1, SXAL8 / MBAL, Vino (cipher), E2 (cipher), SPECTR-H64, CIKS-1, FEA-M, Xenon (cipher), Zodiac (cipher), CIPHERUNICORN-A, CIPHERUNICORN-E, COCONUT98 Block cipher misc topics: RMAC, IAPM, XECB Block cipher cryptanalysis: Truncated differential attack Boolean functions and S-boxes: bent function, T-function Cryptographers: Joan Clarke, Hugh Foss, Oliver Strachey, Francis Fasson, Francis Birch, Nikita Borisov, Lawrie Brown Misc: Elementary cryptography Expansion / stubs: (see also: Category:Cryptography stubs) Cryptographic primitive, Key schedule, ElGamal signature scheme, Cyclometer, Algebraic normal form, Key clustering, cryptographic nonce Theory: Completeness, Correlation immunity, IND-CCA, Pohlig-Hellman, Ring signature, Secure two-party computation Hash functions: MASH-1, MDC-2 Cryptographers: Alfred Menezes, Charles Rackoff, Leonard Hooper, Eric Malcolm Jones, Gordon Welchman, Victor S. Miller, Dan Boneh, Mihir Bellare, Phillip Rogaway Protocol: Wireless Transport Layer Security, Oakley protocol Stream ciphers: LEVIATHAN, Self-shrinking generator, Stream cipher Block ciphers: BaseKing, Crab, CRYPTON, DFC, Grand Cru, MESH, Nimbus, NUSH, Q, SC2000 Block cipher cryptanalysis: Differential-linear attack, Slide attack, Integral cryptanalysis Block cipher misc topics: CWC mode Misc: Watermarking attack Public-key cryptography: McEliece cryptosystem, Public key fingerprint Verification: Images:

[edit] Discussions

[edit] Active

• /Featured — articles which may be suitable for Wikipedia:Featured articles
• Most discussions are done on the talk page of this page.

[edit] Inactive

• Wikipedia:WikiReader/Cryptography — discussion about a publishable set of cryptography articles.
• /Cipher vs Cypher — a discussion of "cipher" and "cypher" spellings

[edit] Participants

If you're interested in editing cryptography articles, you might like to add yourself to this list, possibly with some information on what you know about / like to work on. New additions at the bottom, please.

You might also consider adding yourself to the Category:WikiProject Cryptography participants. See instructions on that category page for how to do it. However, note that that does not get you onto the list here and that the list here has advantages in that you can add a short description of interests.

• Matt Crypto (talk • contribs) — block ciphers anything I'm not too dim to understand, but particularly World War II-era crypto.
• Arvindn - theory of cryptography
• ww
• Imran
• Dante Alighieri | Talk - drafted after dozens of edits related to restructuring of Enigma page.
• Jon
• NealMcB
• AntS
• Decrypt3 - it's why I chose the username.
• Peter Hendrickson
• CryptoDerk - number theory, galois fields, discrete log, elliptic curves
• Cryptosmith - crypto engineering, network protocols
• Clement Seveillac - general crypto, crypto software, PKI, smart cards
• ciphergoth
• Schnolle - PKI related.
• Chris Peikert - theoretical crypto (zero-knowledge, multiparty computation, etc.), intersection of coding theory and crypto
• Noel - mostly interested in the history of cryptography, particularly its influence on WWII, but also have some interest in Internet-related stuff
• ral315 -- I'm an amateur mathematician, freshman in college, and creator of the Math WikiPortal. Check it out sometime!
• Ram Moskovitz PKI, software distribution security, DRM, CA Operations
• Julian Krause Computer Science Major, interested in all types of cryptography and math.
• Arnold Reinhold
• Levi CS also, computer security-related, can also make images and diagrams.
• E=MC^2 Nothing really in particular
• I Stanton anything, particularily math related.
• V. Alex Brennen PGP, Cryptanalysis, Number Theory (factoring,trust graphs)
• Dachshund - elliptic curves, applied crypto
• jonelo - security, one way hash algorithms
• Nahaj - Implementation issues, Validation issues (Author of the first open source government validated (US, Canada) SHA-1 implmentation, 2000 (two months ago a second such validation appeared, OpenSSL))
• Sir Ruptor (Talk) — block ciphers, stream ciphers, hash functions cryptanalysis, stream cipher components (LFSR, NLFSR, NLPFSR, etc.), secure key exchange protocols, reverse engineering related topics
• Davidgothberg - I used to work with and teach crypto in embedded systems. That is, how to use crypto in cars and other machinery. Back in the 90's I was part of a team that designed a "trusted computing system" for the cars of a big car manufacturer. So far I have mostly written hash related articles and made hash related pictures. I am mostly interested in crypto from a programmer and protocol point of view and I like to make pictures. I am not a math guy or cryptanalyst.
• Elonka Dunin (also User:Elonka) - Famous unsolved codes, history of cryptography, pencil and paper techniques, steganography, Al Qaeda codes, encrypted sculptures, cryptography in pop culture, code challenges
• Meekohi
• Batman900 - Diffie-Hellman problem, Crowds, Degree of anonymity; I am an undergraduate and am studying security at UVA, I am interested in anonymity/cryptography/number theory.
• Quarl ^(talk)
• DRLB - ECC, Provable security.
• Mangojuice (Talk) — theoretical aspects, multiple areas.
• MagusMind - theoretical crypto
• William Allen Simpson — practical applications
• detach - Applying symmetric ciphers in programs, different modes of operation, used blowfish (CBC) and XTEA, would want to put more effort in research other area's
• Dr1819 - Random number generation, public/private key cryptography
• Silmarillion
• Thehumph - general cryptography
• the editor1^{(my page)}
• Kaine I - dreamer of cryptography, general cryptography/cryptoanalysis
• User:Msoos - My field is computer security + cryptography. I am willing to proofread and correct articles.
• User:Raymondofrish - I'm working on a thesis on some large integer factorization methods.
• User:Stevebkk - historical ciphers
• Wintermute314 — Digital signature, Time stamp
• jim -crypto v/v
• David4286 - I like all kinds of things, I'm particularly interested in various forms of cryptanalysis.
• S2z - Interests include number theory, information theory and cryptanalysis.
• Shoseido - Digital Signature.
• Autarch - classical and modern cryptanalysis. I started entries on Military Cryptanalytics and Lambros D. Callimahos.
• Intgr — Just a crypto "hobbyist" and advocate interested in practical cryptography, including public- and symmetric-key.
• Maxt — Theoretical and applied cryptography, cryptology, partially cryptanalysis, cryptographic software.
• Dylan Lake
• Hut 8.5
• Ntsimp - I know a lot about the math, but I'm most interested in the cryptanalysis of block ciphers
• sandmouse I'm fascinated with all types of ciphers...
• FactsOnly - Fun Stuff
• —Randfan!! 16:54, 18 November 2006 (UTC) -I like this stuff, but am not really good at this stuff.
• RashBold (talk • contribs) - general interest in ciphers, especially 20th century.

[edit] Stats

• Snapshot of cryptography article sizes
• Popularity stats for cryptography pages in March 2004
• Various stats for cryptography pages in October 2004

Date	Total number of articles	Number of stubs1
23/March/04	319	85
12/April/04	355	100
3/May/04	414	119
11/June/04	500	165
13/October/04	605	178
11/March/05	692	176
2/February/06	978	235

[1] "Stubs" are defined as articles with less than 1000 characters. Articles are counted from List of cryptography topics.

[edit] Cryptography in other Wikimedia projects

• WikiProjekt Kryptologie (German)
• Projet Cryptologie (French)
• Wikibooks Cryptography

[edit] Free content

• Infosecpedia (old: GFDL new: Creative commons)
• The GNU Privacy handbook (GFDL)
• PlanetMath article on Cryptography and Number Theory (GFDL)
• Cracking DES (public domain, apart from a couple of chapters which reproduce published papers)
• NIST documents on Cryptography, mostly the FIPS standards
• Greg Goebel's Codes, Ciphers, & Codebreaking — public domain.
• CryptoDox — crypto wiki licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License

[edit] Other Internet content

• The Handbook of Applied Cryptography — standard academic cryptography reference, available for download in PDF form (for free).
• RSA Laboratories' FAQ About today's cryptography
• Savard's glossary
• Ritter's Crypto Glossary and Dictionary of Technical Cryptography
• Helger's cryptography pointers
• The FreeS/WAN project's documentation includes a glossary, bibliography, some web links and a discussion of the politics of cryptography.

• Good descriptions of cryptography machines
  • Note: It seems we are unable to use this author's photographic material — even under the US Fair use (UK Fair dealing) provisions — as the author derives commercial benefit from their sale and has denied WP a right to use. The author was approached in April 2004 regarding incorporating his written material into Wikipedia under the GFDL and declined.
• The ITsecurity.com Dictionary+ of Information Security
• Everything2's coverage of Cryptology topics; their Crypto project
• Cyclopedia Cryptologia — "an online encyclopedia of cryptographic protocols. There will be coverage of a few related topics such as encryption/decryption algorithms and a few historical references, but for the most part, the intent here is to be a reference on cryptographic protocols."
• Crypto law survey, a survey of existing and proposed laws and regulations on cryptography
• Crypto tutorial — by Peter Gutmann
• see also www.qwika.com (search, say, for cryptography) for other Wikis with content in this area

[edit] Other cryptography encyclopedias

• David E. Newton's Encyclopedia of Cryptology (ISBN 0874367727), 1998, has over 550 articles with an overall slant on the history of cryptography, but plenty of modern topics included as well.

• The Encyclopedia of Cryptography and Security 684 pages, (Aug 10, 2005), Springer (ISBN 038723473X) [1], [2] has some notable cryptographers contributing (e.g. Eli Biham writing Differential cryptanalysis, Joan Daemen and Vincent Rijmen writing Rijndael). 460 articles with a technical summary / academic focus. 2500 references cited.

• Microsoft® Encyclopedia of Security, 800 pages (May 14, 2003), Microsoft Press International, ISBN 0735618771. (Table of contents). While covering the entire field of security, it has entries on a number of crypto topics.

[edit] Templates

[edit] {{CryptographyProject}}

We might wish to tag the Talk: pages of articles which are directly about cryptography with a notice about this WikiProject. For this purpose, there is {{CryptographyProject}}, which expands to the following:

This article is part of WikiProject Cryptography, an attempt to build a comprehensive and detailed guide to cryptography in the Wikipedia. If you would like to participate, you can choose to edit the article attached to this page, or visit the project page, where you can join the project and see a list of open tasks.

(Discussion at /WikiProject Notice)

[edit] {{Infobox block cipher}}

Discussion at: Template talk:Infobox block cipher.

Currently trialling Template:Infobox block cipher on AES, Blowfish, DEAL, DES, FEAL, GOST, IDEA, LOKI97, MISTY1, RC2, RC5, Serpent, Square, TEA, Triple DES, Twofish, XTEA

(Would) Need to apply to: 3-Way, Camellia, CAST-128, CAST-256, CMEA, DES-X, GDES, Iraqi block cipher, KASUMI, Khafre, KHAZAD, Khufu, LOKI89/91, Lucifer, MAGENTA, MARS, MMB, NewDES, Red Pike, S-1, SAFER, SHARK, Skipjack, RC6.

[edit] {{crypto-stub}}

Instead of {{stub}}, you might want to use {{crypto-stub}}. One advantage is that Category:Cryptography stubs gives a list of all the cryptography-related stubs. The message is:

[edit] {{User WikiProject Cryptography}}

If you add this userbox to your userpage you get automatically included in the Category:WikiProject Cryptography participants. It produces:

 

[edit] Navigational templates

Cryptography has some navigational elements to make it easier for a reader to find related topics.

[edit] {{Cryptography portal}}

To inform users about the cryptography portal this template can be placed in the top of the "See also" section of articles.

[edit] {{Crypto navbox}}

It produces:

Cryptography v • d • e
History of cryptography | Cryptanalysis | Cryptography portal | Topics in cryptography
Symmetric-key algorithm | Block cipher | Stream cipher | Public-key cryptography | Cryptographic hash function | Message authentication code | Random numbers

[edit] The main crypto navigation box

This template is the main crypto navigation box. It can be added to the bottom of any cryptography article. This template also has some magic so it can include one or more of the specialised crypto navigation boxes inside the same frame.

To only use this template alone add this code to the bottom of an article:

{{crypto navbox}}

If you want it to also show for instance the specialised navigation box about stream ciphers then give it the "stream" parameter, like this:

{{crypto navbox | stream}}

You can also add several boxes in it, like this:

{{crypto navbox | block | stream}}

Note that the parameters come sort of in backwards order. In the example above the stream cipher box will be on top, followed by the block cipher box and then with the main crypto "navbox" at the bottom.

Here is an invalid example since "navbox" should not be a parameter but instead is part of the address of this template:

{{crypto stream | navbox}}

The available specialised boxes are:

block, stream, public-key, hash, machines, classical

For more details about these navigation boxes please see the description on the page of the main crypto navigation box itself. Below are examples of usage with the specialised boxes.

[edit] {{Crypto navbox | block | stream}}

It produces:

Stream ciphers v • d • e
Algorithms: A5/1 | A5/2 | FISH | Grain | HC-256 | ISAAC | MUGI | Panama | Phelix | Pike | Py | Rabbit | RC4 | Salsa20 | Scream | SEAL | SOBER | SOBER-128 | SOSEMANUK | Trivium | VEST | WAKE
Theory: Shift register | LFSR | NLFSR | Shrinking generator   Standardization: eSTREAM
Block ciphers v • d • e
Algorithms: 3-Way | AES | Akelarre | Anubis | BaseKing | Blowfish | C2 | Camellia | CAST-128 | CAST-256 | Cobra | CMEA | Crab | CS-Cipher | DEAL | DES | DES-X | DFC | FEAL | FROG | G-DES | GOST | Grand Cru | Hasty Pudding Cipher | ICE | IDEA | IDEA NXT | Iraqi | KASUMI | KHAZAD | Khufu and Khafre | Libelle | LOKI89/91 | LOKI97 | Lucifer | MacGuffin | Madryga | MAGENTA | MARS | Mercy | MESH | MISTY1 | MMB | MULTI2 | NewDES | NOEKEON | NUSH | Q | RC2 | RC5 | RC6 | REDOC | Red Pike | S-1 | SAFER | SC2000 | SEED | Serpent | SHACAL | SHARK | Skipjack | SMS4 | Square | TEA | Triple DES | Twofish | XTEA
Design: Feistel network | Key schedule | Product cipher | S-box | SPN   Attacks: Brute force | Linear / Differential / Integral cryptanalysis | Mod n | Related-key | Slide | XSL
Standardization: AES process | CRYPTREC | NESSIE   Misc: Avalanche effect | Block size | IV | Key size | Modes of operation | Piling-up lemma | Weak key
Cryptography v • d • e
History of cryptography | Cryptanalysis | Cryptography portal | Topics in cryptography
Symmetric-key algorithm | Block cipher | Stream cipher | Public-key cryptography | Cryptographic hash function | Message authentication code | Random numbers

[edit] {{Crypto navbox | block}}

It produces:

Block ciphers v • d • e
Algorithms: 3-Way | AES | Akelarre | Anubis | BaseKing | Blowfish | C2 | Camellia | CAST-128 | CAST-256 | Cobra | CMEA | Crab | CS-Cipher | DEAL | DES | DES-X | DFC | FEAL | FROG | G-DES | GOST | Grand Cru | Hasty Pudding Cipher | ICE | IDEA | IDEA NXT | Iraqi | KASUMI | KHAZAD | Khufu and Khafre | Libelle | LOKI89/91 | LOKI97 | Lucifer | MacGuffin | Madryga | MAGENTA | MARS | Mercy | MESH | MISTY1 | MMB | MULTI2 | NewDES | NOEKEON | NUSH | Q | RC2 | RC5 | RC6 | REDOC | Red Pike | S-1 | SAFER | SC2000 | SEED | Serpent | SHACAL | SHARK | Skipjack | SMS4 | Square | TEA | Triple DES | Twofish | XTEA
Design: Feistel network | Key schedule | Product cipher | S-box | SPN   Attacks: Brute force | Linear / Differential / Integral cryptanalysis | Mod n | Related-key | Slide | XSL
Standardization: AES process | CRYPTREC | NESSIE   Misc: Avalanche effect | Block size | IV | Key size | Modes of operation | Piling-up lemma | Weak key
Cryptography v • d • e
History of cryptography | Cryptanalysis | Cryptography portal | Topics in cryptography
Symmetric-key algorithm | Block cipher | Stream cipher | Public-key cryptography | Cryptographic hash function | Message authentication code | Random numbers

[edit] {{Crypto navbox | stream}}

It produces:

Stream ciphers v • d • e
Algorithms: A5/1 | A5/2 | FISH | Grain | HC-256 | ISAAC | MUGI | Panama | Phelix | Pike | Py | Rabbit | RC4 | Salsa20 | Scream | SEAL | SOBER | SOBER-128 | SOSEMANUK | Trivium | VEST | WAKE
Theory: Shift register | LFSR | NLFSR | Shrinking generator   Standardization: eSTREAM
Cryptography v • d • e
History of cryptography | Cryptanalysis | Cryptography portal | Topics in cryptography
Symmetric-key algorithm | Block cipher | Stream cipher | Public-key cryptography | Cryptographic hash function | Message authentication code | Random numbers

[edit] {{Crypto navbox | public-key}}

It produces:

Public-key cryptography v • d • e
Algorithms: Cramer-Shoup | DH | DSA | ECDH | ECDSA | EKE | ElGamal | GMR | IES | Lamport | MQV | NTRUEncrypt | NTRUSign | Paillier | Rabin | Rabin-Williams | RSA | Schnorr | SPEKE | SRP | XTR
Theory: Discrete logarithm | Elliptic curve cryptography | RSA problem
Standardization: ANS X9F1 | CRYPTREC | IEEE P1363 | NESSIE | NSA Suite B   Misc: Digital signature | Fingerprint | PKI | Web of trust | Key size
Cryptography v • d • e
History of cryptography | Cryptanalysis | Cryptography portal | Topics in cryptography
Symmetric-key algorithm | Block cipher | Stream cipher | Public-key cryptography | Cryptographic hash function | Message authentication code | Random numbers

[edit] {{Crypto navbox | hash}}

It produces:

Cryptographic hash functions and Message authentication codes (MACs) v • d • e
Hash algorithms: Gost-Hash | HAS-160 | HAVAL | MDC-2 | MD2 | MD4 | MD5 | N-Hash | RIPEMD | SHA family | Snefru | Tiger | VEST | WHIRLPOOL | crypt(3) DES
MAC algorithms: Data Authentication Code | CBC-MAC | HMAC | OMAC/CMAC | PMAC | UMAC | Poly1305-AES | VEST
Authenticated encryption modes: CCM | EAX | GCM | OCB | VEST   Attacks: Birthday attack | Collision attack | Preimage attack | Brute force attack
Standardization: CRYPTREC | NESSIE   Misc: Avalanche effect | Hash collision | Hash functions based on block ciphers
Cryptography v • d • e
History of cryptography | Cryptanalysis | Cryptography portal | Topics in cryptography
Symmetric-key algorithm | Block cipher | Stream cipher | Public-key cryptography | Cryptographic hash function | Message authentication code | Random numbers

[edit] {{Crypto navbox | machines}}

It produces:

Cipher machines v • d • e
Rotor machines: CCM | Enigma | Fialka | Hebern | HX-63 | KL-7 | Lacida | M-325 | Mercury | NEMA | OMI | Portex | SIGABA | SIGCUM | Singlet | Typex
Mechanical: Bazeries cylinder | C-36 | C-52 | CD-57 | Cipher disk | HC-9 | Kryha | Jefferson disk | M-94 | M-209 | Reihenschieber | Scytale
Teleprinter: 5-UCO | BID 770 | KW-26 | KW-37 | Lorenz SZ 40/42 | Siemens and Halske T52
Secure voice: KY-3 | KY-57 | KY-58 | KY-68 | OMNI | SIGSALY | STE | STU-II | STU-III | VINSON | SCIP | Sectéra Secure Module
Miscellaneous: Cryptex | JADE | KG-84 | KL-43 | Noreen | PURPLE | Pinwheel | Rockex
Cryptography v • d • e
History of cryptography | Cryptanalysis | Cryptography portal | Topics in cryptography
Symmetric-key algorithm | Block cipher | Stream cipher | Public-key cryptography | Cryptographic hash function | Message authentication code | Random numbers

[edit] {{Crypto navbox | classical}}

It produces:

Classical cryptography v • d • e
Rotor machines: CCM | Enigma | Fialka | Hebern | HX-63 | KL-7 | Lacida | M-325 | Mercury | NEMA | OMI | Portex | SIGABA | SIGCUM | Singlet | Typex
Ciphers: ADFGVX | Affine | Alberti | Atbash | Autokey | Bifid | Book | Caesar | Four-square | Hill | Keyword | Nihilist | Permutation | Pigpen | Playfair | Polyalphabetic | Polybius | Rail Fence | Reihenschieber | Reservehandverfahren | ROT13 | Running key | Scytale | Solitaire | Straddling checkerboard | Substitution | Tap Code | Transposition | Trifid | Two-square | VIC cipher | Vigenère
Cryptanalysis: Frequency analysis | Index of coincidence
Misc: Cryptogram | Bacon | Polybius square | Scytale | Straddling checkerboard | Tabula recta
Cryptography v • d • e
History of cryptography | Cryptanalysis | Cryptography portal | Topics in cryptography
Symmetric-key algorithm | Block cipher | Stream cipher | Public-key cryptography | Cryptographic hash function | Message authentication code | Random numbers

[edit] Discontinued navigational templates

Here are links to the old templates that we should not use any more. During the transition to the new templates these old templates transcludes in the new ones. Thus pages that use the old ones will look right imediately.

• {{Block ciphers}}
• {{Stream ciphers}}
• {{Public-key cryptography}}
• {{Cryptographic hash functions}}
• {{Cipher machines}}
• {{Classical cryptography}}